A Homozygous Deep Intronic Variant Causes Von Willebrand Factor Deficiency and Lack of Endothelial-Specific Secretory Organelles, Weibel–Palade Bodies

Abstract

A type 3 von Willebrand disease (VWD) index patient (IP) remains mutation-negative after completion of the conventional diagnostic analysis, including multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and sequencing of the promoter, exons, and flanking intronic regions of the VWF gene (VWF). In this study, we intended to elucidate causative mutation through next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the whole VWF (including complete intronic region), mRNA analysis, and study of the patient-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). The NGS revealed a variant in the intronic region of VWF (997 + 118 T > G in intron 8), for the first time. The bioinformatics assessments (e.g., SpliceAl) predicted this variant creates a new donor splice site (ss), which could outcompete the consensus 5′ donor ss at exon/intron 8. This would lead to an aberrant mRNA that contains a premature stop codon, targeting it to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The subsequent quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the virtual absence of VWF mRNA in IP ECFCs. Additionally, the IP ECFCs demonstrated a considerable reduction in VWF secretion (~6% of healthy donors), and they were devoid of endothelial-specific secretory organelles, Weibel–Palade bodies. Our findings underline the potential of NGS in conjunction with RNA analysis and patient-derived cell studies for genetic diagnosis of mutation-negative type 3 VWD patients.

Keywords

• von Willebrand factor
• von Willebrand disease
• deep intronic mutation
• next-generation sequencing
• Weibel–Palade bodies
• angiopoietin-2