Thrombolysis with reteplase in acute pulmonary embolism

Abstract

Objective: Reteplase (recombinant plasminogen activator) is a mutant of alteplase. It has a longer half-life than its parent molecule and has shown better vessel patency rates in acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of reteplase in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods: This observational study included patients with high- and intermediate-risk acute PE, presenting within 14 days of symptom onset. The patients were treated with reteplase, which was given in two bolus doses of 10 U each, 30 min apart, along with intravenous heparin. Patients with hemodynamic compromise (high-risk or massive PE) and normotensive patients with evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (intermediate-risk or submassive PE) on echocardiography or computed tomography were included in the study. The efficacy outcomes assessed were in-hospital death and improvement of RV function by echocardiography. The safety outcomes were major bleeding, minor bleeding, and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke during hospitalization. Results: Of the 40 patients included, 25% were classified as high risk with hemodynamic compromise and 75% were classified as intermediate risk. RV dysfunction was present in all the patients (100%). Concomitant lower extremity deep vein thrombosis was present in 55% of the patients. The mortality rate was 5%. There was significant improvement in RV function and reduction in pulmonary artery systolic pressure and tricuspid regurgitation severity. There was no major bleeding event or stroke, and 7.5% patients had minor extracranial bleeding. Conclusions: Double-bolus reteplase given with heparin is effective in the treatment of high- and intermediate-risk PE, with minimal risk of bleeding. Keywords: Acute pulmonary embolism, Reteplase, Thrombolysis