Mild hypercholesterolemia impacts achilles sub-tendon mechanical properties in young rats

Abstract

Abstract Background Hypercholesterolemia is associated with tendon pathology, but the reasons underpinning this relationship are not well understood. Cholesterol can accumulate in the tendon non-collagenous matrix which may affect both global and local tissue mechanics. Changes to the local strain environment within tendon may have significant implications for mechanosensitive tenocytes. Here, we investigated the association between elevated blood cholesterol and presence of tendon lipids in the Achilles tendon. We expected lipids to be localised in the proteoglycan-rich inter-sub-tendon matrix (ISTM), therefore we also sought to examine the impact of this on the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the ISTM. Methods The Achilles tendons of 32 young wild-type (SD) and 32 apolipoprotein E knock-out rats (ApoE −/− ) were harvested at 15.6 ± 2.3 weeks of age. 32 specimens underwent histological examination to assess the distribution of lipids throughout sub-tendons and ISTM. The remaining specimens were prepared for biomechanical testing, where the ISTM between the gastrocnemius and soleus sub-tendons was subjected to shear load mechanical testing. A sub-set of tests were video recorded to enable a strain analysis. Results ApoE −/− serum cholesterol was double that of SD rats (mean 2.25 vs. 1.10 mg/ml, p < 0.001) indicating a relatively mild hypercholesterolemia phenotype. Nonetheless, we found histological evidence of esterified lipids in the ISTM and unesterified lipids in the sub-tendons, although the location or intensity of staining was not appreciably different between rat strains. Despite a lack of observable histological differences in lipid content between groups, there were significant differences in the mechanical and viscoelastic behaviour of the Achilles sub-tendon matrix. Conclusion Even slightly elevated cholesterol may result in subtle changes to tendon biomechanical properties and hence injury risk. The young age of our cohort and the mild phenotype of our ApoE −/− rats are likely to have limited our findings and so we also conclude that the ApoE −/− rat model is not well suited for investigating the biomechanical impact of tendon xanthomas on Achilles sub-tendon function.

Keywords

• Biomechanical properties
• Lipids
• Histology
• Force relaxation
• Xanthoma