Subject-invariant feature learning for mTBI identification using LSTM-based variational autoencoder with adversarial regularization

Abstract

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Developing models for identifying mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has often been challenging due to large variations in data from subjects, resulting in difficulties for the mTBI-identification models to generalize to data from unseen subjects. To tackle this problem, we present a long short-term memory-based adversarial variational autoencoder (LSTM-AVAE) framework for subject-invariant mTBI feature extraction. In the proposed model, first, an LSTM variational autoencoder (LSTM-VAE) combines the representation learning ability of the variational autoencoder (VAE) with the temporal modeling characteristics of the LSTM to learn the latent space representations from neural activity. Then, to detach the subject’s individuality from neural feature representations, and make the model proper for cross-subject transfer learning, an adversary network is attached to the encoder in a discriminative setting. The model is trained using the 1 held-out approach. The trained encoder is then used to extract the representations from the held-out subject’s data. The extracted representations are then classified into normal and mTBI groups using different classifiers. The proposed model is evaluated on cortical recordings of Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice obtained via widefield calcium imaging, prior to and after inducing injury. In cross-subject transfer learning experiment, the proposed LSTM-AVAE framework achieves classification accuracy results of 95.8% and 97.79%, without and with utilizing conditional VAE (cVAE), respectively, demonstrating that the proposed model is capable of learning invariant representations from mTBI data.

Keywords

• variational autoencoder (VAE)
• adversarial regularization
• cross-subject transfer learning
• mild TBI (mTBI)
• LSTM-long short-term memory