BMC Nephrology (May 2025)

Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study

  • Ajay Kumar,
  • Anirban Mazumdar,
  • A. K. Bhattacharjee,
  • Arvind Gupta,
  • Arundhati Dasgupta,
  • Binayak Sinha,
  • Banshi Saboo,
  • Chitra Selvan,
  • Ghanshyam Goyal,
  • Jaganmohan Balaji,
  • Krishna G. Seshadri,
  • Kalyan K. Gangopadhyay,
  • G. Vijay Kumar,
  • Manoj Chawla,
  • Mohua Sikdar,
  • Nilakshi Deka,
  • N. K. Singh,
  • Purvi Chawla,
  • Pratap Jetwani,
  • Rajiv Kovil,
  • Samit Ghosal,
  • Subir Ray,
  • Sudip Chatterjee,
  • Sruti Chandrasekharan,
  • Sambit Das,
  • Subhajyoti Ghosh,
  • Sonali Patange,
  • Sanjay Reddy,
  • T. Surekha

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-025-04164-6
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 26, no. 1
pp. 1 – 10

Abstract

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Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Identifying clinical and laboratory associations with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can help physicians target modifiable risk factors. In light of limited data from India, the CITE (CKD in Indian T2DM Evaluation) study was conducted. Methods The multicenter, cross-sectional CITE study included 3,325 patients from 28 centres across India over a three-month period. CKD was defined as a persistent decline in kidney function (eGFR 10 years. Reduced eGFR ( 300 mg/g) was linked to non-vegetarian diet (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.59–2.40, P < 0.001) and tobacco use (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.17–1.73, P < 0.001). CKD increased comorbidity odds. Conclusion The CITE study highlights the prevalence of CKD (32%) in Indian patients with T2DM and identifies clinical and laboratory factors associated with CKD, including age ≥ 60 years, T2DM duration, SBP, HbA1c, tobacco use, non-vegetarian diet, and comorbidities. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations and evaluate causality.

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