The Effect of Deoxycholic Acid on Chitosan-Enabled Matrices for Tissue Scaffolding and Injectable Nanogels
Bozica Kovacevic,
Corina Mihaela Ionescu,
Melissa Jones,
Susbin Raj Wagle,
Michael Lewkowicz,
Maja Đanić,
Momir Mikov,
Armin Mooranian,
Hani Al-Salami
Affiliations
Bozica Kovacevic
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Corina Mihaela Ionescu
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Melissa Jones
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Susbin Raj Wagle
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Michael Lewkowicz
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Maja Đanić
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
Momir Mikov
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
Armin Mooranian
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
Hani Al-Salami
The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
The pathophysiology of a multitude of diseases is influenced by bioenergetic dysfunction. Healthy mitochondria are presented as essential for the regulation and function of multiple cell types, including the cells of relevance for this research: pancreatic beta cells, muscle cells, and liver cells. Hence, effects of hydrogels (particularly nanogels) on bioenergetics needs to be taken into account when designing optimum delivery matrices. Several polymers have been suggested for use in hydrogels and nanogels, with focus on chitosan due to its range of beneficial properties. Bile acids have emerged as beneficial excipients, including deoxycholic acid, which can increase membrane permeability of cells. Nanogels were manufactured containing various concentrations of chitosan and deoxycholic acid in addition to the staple sodium alginate. Nanogels then underwent an array of analysis including rheological studies and in vitro cell work assessing viability, hypoxia, and the bioenergetic profiles. Overall, deoxycholic acid showed enhanced gel strength although this resulted in slightly lower cell viability and impacted bioenergetic profiles. Results from this study showed the benefits of deoxycholic acid; however, this was found to be less suitable for cell delivery matrices and is perhaps more beneficial for drug-delivery systems.
