The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (Jan 2024)
TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field
- Rosalia O’Brien,
- Rolf A. Jansen,
- Norman A. Grogin,
- Seth H. Cohen,
- Brent M. Smith,
- Ross M. Silver,
- W. P. Maksym III,
- Rogier A. Windhorst,
- Timothy Carleton,
- Anton M. Koekemoer,
- Nimish P. Hathi,
- Christopher N. A. Willmer,
- Brenda L. Frye,
- M. Alpaslan,
- M. L. N. Ashby,
- T. A. Ashcraft,
- S. Bonoli,
- W. Brisken,
- N. Cappelluti,
- F. Civano,
- C. J. Conselice,
- V. S. Dhillon,
- S. P. Driver,
- K. J. Duncan,
- R. Dupke,
- M. Elvis,
- G. G. Fazio,
- S. L. Finkelstein,
- H. B. Gim,
- A. Griffiths,
- H. B. Hammel,
- M. Hyun,
- M. Im,
- V. R. Jones,
- D. Kim,
- B. Ladjelate,
- R. L. Larson,
- S. Malhotra,
- M. A. Marshall,
- S. N. Milam,
- J. D. R. Pierel,
- J. E. Rhoads,
- S. A. Rodney,
- H. J. A. Röttgering,
- M. J. Rutkowski,
- R. E. Ryan Jr.,
- M. J. Ward,
- C. W. White,
- R. J. van Weeren,
- X. Zhao,
- J. Summers,
- J. C. J. D’Silva,
- R. Ortiz III,
- A. S. G. Robotham,
- D. Coe,
- M. Nonino,
- N. Pirzkal,
- H. Yan,
- T. Acharya
Affiliations
- Rosalia O’Brien
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Rolf A. Jansen
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Norman A. Grogin
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Seth H. Cohen
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Brent M. Smith
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Ross M. Silver
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- W. P. Maksym III
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
- Rogier A. Windhorst
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Timothy Carleton
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Anton M. Koekemoer
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Nimish P. Hathi
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Christopher N. A. Willmer
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Brenda L. Frye
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- M. Alpaslan
- ORCiD
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University , NY 10003, USA
- M. L. N. Ashby
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- T. A. Ashcraft
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Eckerd College , St. Petersburg, FL 33711, USA
- S. Bonoli
- Donostia International Physics Center , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20118 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
- W. Brisken
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Associated Universties , Inc., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- N. Cappelluti
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, University of Miami , Miami, FL 33124, USA
- F. Civano
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- C. J. Conselice
- ORCiD
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- V. S. Dhillon
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- S. P. Driver
- ORCiD
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- K. J. Duncan
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK
- R. Dupke
- Observatório Nacional , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Eureka Scientific, Inc. , Oakland, CA 94602, USA
- M. Elvis
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- G. G. Fazio
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- S. L. Finkelstein
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA
- H. B. Gim
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- A. Griffiths
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- H. B. Hammel
- ORCiD
- Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy , Washington, DC 20004, USA
- M. Hyun
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- M. Im
- ORCiD
- Snu Astronomy Research Center , Department of Physics & Astronomy, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- V. R. Jones
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- D. Kim
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- B. Ladjelate
- Instituto de Radioastronomia Millimétrica , E 18012 Granada, Spain
- R. L. Larson
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA; School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- S. Malhotra
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- M. A. Marshall
- ORCiD
- National Research Council of Canada , Herzberg Astronomy & Astrophysics Research Centre, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia
- S. N. Milam
- ORCiD
- Astrochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- J. D. R. Pierel
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- J. E. Rhoads
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- S. A. Rodney
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- H. J. A. Röttgering
- ORCiD
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- M. J. Rutkowski
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Minnesota State University-Mankato , Mankato, MN 56001, USA
- R. E. Ryan Jr.
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- M. J. Ward
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- C. W. White
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- R. J. van Weeren
- ORCiD
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- X. Zhao
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- J. Summers
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- J. C. J. D’Silva
- ORCiD
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia
- R. Ortiz III
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- A. S. G. Robotham
- ORCiD
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- D. Coe
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the European Space Agency (ESA) , STScI, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- M. Nonino
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via Bazzoni 2, 34124 Trieste, Italy
- N. Pirzkal
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- H. Yan
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- T. Acharya
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 272,
no. 1
p. 19
Abstract
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-domain Field (TDF) is a >14′ diameter field optimized for multiwavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over three cycles (the “TREASUREHUNT” program), deep images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera on the Advanced Camera for Surveys in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ∼88 arcmin ^2 , with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4+ yr. To a depth of m _AB ≃ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable and estimate that ∼80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where we find 0.42% of the general z ≲ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the ∼3 σ level. Based on a 5 yr time frame, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ∼0.07 transients arcmin ^−2 (∼245 deg ^−2 ) per epoch and a variable AGN areal density of ∼1.25 variables arcmin ^−2 (∼4500 deg ^−2 ) to these depths.
Keywords
