Diseases (Aug 2022)

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in the Setting of Therapy-Induced Acute Myeloid Leukemia: An Autopsy Report

  • Hisham F. Bahmad,
  • Samantha Gogola,
  • Mohamad K. Elajami,
  • Carole Brathwaite,
  • Amilcar A. Castellano-Sánchez,
  • Vathany Sriganeshan,
  • Yumna Omarzai

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10030054
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 10, no. 3
p. 54

Abstract

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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyper-inflammatory disorder that occurs due to immunologic dysregulation. HLH can be primary (hereditary) or secondary to infections, autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, metabolic diseases, drugs, or malignancies. Lymphoid neoplasms mostly accompany malignancy-associated HLH. We present a case of a 12-year-old boy with a history of precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), who subsequently developed chemotherapy-induced acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML). The patient was admitted for febrile neutropenia and initial laboratory tests revealed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The hospital course was complicated by multiple infections and septic shock. The patient received several broad-spectrum antimicrobials, dexamethasone, as well as a pericardial drain to drain the hemorrhagic pericardial effusion. Despite intervention, the patient expired, and an autopsy was performed. We provide a synopsis of the main autopsy findings.

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