The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2023)
Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf
- K. Azalee Bostroem,
- Jeniveve Pearson,
- Manisha Shrestha,
- David J. Sand,
- Stefano Valenti,
- Saurabh W. Jha,
- Jennifer E. Andrews,
- Nathan Smith,
- Giacomo Terreran,
- Elizabeth Green,
- Yize Dong,
- Michael Lundquist,
- Joshua Haislip,
- Emily T. Hoang,
- Griffin Hosseinzadeh,
- Daryl Janzen,
- Jacob E. Jencson,
- Vladimir Kouprianov,
- Emmy Paraskeva,
- Nicolas E. Meza Retamal,
- Daniel E. Reichart,
- Iair Arcavi,
- Alceste Z. Bonanos,
- Michael W. Coughlin,
- Ross Dobson,
- Joseph Farah,
- Lluís Galbany,
- Claudia Gutiérrez,
- Suzanne Hawley,
- Leslie Hebb,
- Daichi Hiramatsu,
- D. Andrew Howell,
- Takashi Iijima,
- Ilya Ilyin,
- Kiran Jhass,
- Curtis McCully,
- Sean Moran,
- Brett M. Morris,
- Alessandra C. Mura,
- Tomás E. Müller-Bravo,
- James Munday,
- Megan Newsome,
- Maria Th. Pabst,
- Paolo Ochner,
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez,
- Andrea Pastorello,
- Craig Pellegrino,
- Lara Piscarreta,
- Aravind P. Ravi,
- Andrea Reguitti,
- Laura Salo,
- József Vinkó,
- Kellie de Vos,
- J. C. Wheeler,
- G. Grant Williams,
- Samuel Wyatt
Affiliations
- K. Azalee Bostroem
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Jeniveve Pearson
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Manisha Shrestha
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- David J. Sand
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Stefano Valenti
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Saurabh W. Jha
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA
- Jennifer E. Andrews
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory , 670 North A‘ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720-2700, USA
- Nathan Smith
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Giacomo Terreran
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Elizabeth Green
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Yize Dong
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Michael Lundquist
- ORCiD
- W.M. Keck Observatory , 65-1120 Māmalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743-8431, USA
- Joshua Haislip
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Emily T. Hoang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Griffin Hosseinzadeh
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Daryl Janzen
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan , 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Jacob E. Jencson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Vladimir Kouprianov
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Emmy Paraskeva
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Nicolas E. Meza Retamal
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Daniel E. Reichart
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Iair Arcavi
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Alceste Z. Bonanos
- ORCiD
- IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens , Penteli 15236, Greece
- Michael W. Coughlin
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , 116 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Ross Dobson
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK; Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain
- Joseph Farah
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Lluís Galbany
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Claudia Gutiérrez
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Suzanne Hawley
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-0002, USA
- Leslie Hebb
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges , 300 Pulteney Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , 245 East Avenue, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Daichi Hiramatsu
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , MA, USA
- D. Andrew Howell
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Takashi Iijima
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Ilya Ilyin
- ORCiD
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP) , An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany
- Kiran Jhass
- Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- Curtis McCully
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Sean Moran
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA
- Brett M. Morris
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218-2410, USA
- Alessandra C. Mura
- ORCiD
- Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, Italy
- Tomás E. Müller-Bravo
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- James Munday
- Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain; Department of Physics, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Megan Newsome
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Maria Th. Pabst
- ORCiD
- Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, Italy
- Paolo Ochner
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, Italy
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Andrea Pastorello
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Craig Pellegrino
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Lara Piscarreta
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Aravind P. Ravi
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Andrea Reguitti
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807, Merate (LC), Italy
- Laura Salo
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , 116 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- József Vinkó
- ORCiD
- University of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station C1400, Austin, TX 78712-0259, USA; Konkoly Observatory, CSFK, MTA Center of Excellence , Konkoly-Thege M. út 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary; Department of Experimental Physics, University of Szeged , Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Kellie de Vos
- Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apt. de Correos 368, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- J. C. Wheeler
- ORCiD
- University of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station C1400, Austin, TX 78712-0259, USA
- G. Grant Williams
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]; MMT and Steward Observatories, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Samuel Wyatt
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-0002, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acf9a4
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 956,
no. 1
p. L5
Abstract
We present the optical spectroscopic evolution of SN 2023ixf seen in subnight cadence spectra from 1.18 to 15 days after explosion. We identify high-ionization emission features, signatures of interaction with material surrounding the progenitor star, that fade over the first 7 days, with rapid evolution between spectra observed within the same night. We compare the emission lines present and their relative strength to those of other supernovae with early interaction, finding a close match to SN 2020pni and SN 2017ahn in the first spectrum and SN 2014G at later epochs. To physically interpret our observations, we compare them to CMFGEN models with confined, dense circumstellar material around a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor from the literature. We find that very few models reproduce the blended N iii ( λλ 4634.0,4640.6)/C iii ( λλ 4647.5,4650.0) emission lines observed in the first few spectra and their rapid disappearance thereafter, making this a unique diagnostic. From the best models, we find a mass-loss rate of 10 ^−3 –10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , which far exceeds the mass-loss rate for any steady wind, especially for an RSG in the initial mass range of the detected progenitor. These mass-loss rates are, however, similar to rates inferred for other supernovae with early circumstellar interaction. Using the phase when the narrow emission features disappear, we calculate an outer dense radius of circumstellar material R _CSM,out ≈ 5 × 10 ^14 cm, and a mean circumstellar material density of ρ = 5.6 × 10 ^−14 g cm ^−3 . This is consistent with the lower limit on the outer radius of the circumstellar material we calculate from the peak H α emission flux, R _CSM,out ≳ 9 × 10 ^13 cm.
Keywords
- Core-collapse supernovae
- Type II supernovae
- Circumstellar matter
- Stellar mass loss
- Red supergiant stars
