International Journal of Nanomedicine (Feb 2024)
Critical Evaluation of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles-Kaempferol for Antibacterial Activity Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
Ariff Haikal Hairil Anuar,1 Siti Aisyah Abd Ghafar,1 Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah,1 Vuanghao Lim,2 Nur Farah Atiqah Mohd Pazli1 1Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 55100, Malaysia; 2Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Siti Aisyah Abd Ghafar, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Level 18, Tower B, Persiaran MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama, Kuala Lumpur, 55100, Malaysia, Tel +60389471157, Fax +60389472566, Email [email protected]: This study aimed to characterize silver nanoparticles-kaempferol (AgNP-K) and its antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Green synthesis method was used to synthesize AgNP-K under the influence of temperature and different ratios of silver nitrate (AgNO3 and kaempferol).Methods: AgNP-K 1:1 was synthesized with 1 mM kaempferol, whereas AgNP-K 1:2 with 2 mM kaempferol. The characterization of AgNP-K 1:1 and AgNP-K 1:2 was performed using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Zetasizer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of five samples (AgNP-K 1:1, AgNP-K 1:2, commercial AgNPs, kaempferol, and vancomycin) at different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL) against MRSA were determined via disc diffusion assay (DDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay, and time-kill assay.Results: The presence of a dark brown colour in the solution indicated the formation of AgNP-K. The UV–visible absorption spectrum of the synthesized AgNP-K exhibited a broad peak at 447 nm. TEM, Zetasizer, and SEM-EDX results showed that the morphology and size of AgNP-K were nearly spherical in shape with 16.963 ± 6.0465 nm in size. XRD analysis confirmed that AgNP-K had a crystalline phase structure, while FTIR showed the absence of (-OH) group, indicating that kaempferol was successfully incorporated with silver. In DDA analysis, AgNP-K showed the largest inhibition zone (16.67 ± 1.19 mm) against MRSA as compared to kaempferol and commercial AgNPs. The MIC and MBC values for AgNP-K against MRSA were 1.25 and 2.50 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill assay results showed that AgNP-K displayed bacteriostatic activity against MRSA. AgNP-K exhibited better antibacterial activity against MRSA when compared to commercial AgNPs or kaempferol alone.Keywords: nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, kaempferol, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
