Water extract of banana peel as a green solvent for extraction of collagen from sardine bone

Abstract

Common collagen extraction methods are outdated and unsustainable. This study introduces a more sustainable method using water extract from banana peel to extract collagen from sardine bone, a prevalent marine fish in Malaysia. Banana peel was chosen as the feedstock for solvent preparation due to its abundance and agricultural significance in Malaysia. This study examined how extraction parameters including temperature (27−43 °C), sardine bone-to-solvent ratio (1:15−1:28), and extraction time (8−88 h) affect the collagen extraction yield. FT-IR, TGA, and proximate analysis were used to characterize the collagen extracted, while the water extracts were analyzed using UV-Vis and GC-MS. Under optimum conditions of 40 °C, a sardine bone-to-solvent ratio of 1:24, and an extraction time of 74 h, yielded 9.82% collagen. When citric acid was used as the common solvent, the collagen extracted yield was 4.06%. Further investigation of water extracts from other fruit waste sources, including mango peel, coconut husk, and pineapple pomace, under optimum conditions, obtained an extraction yield of 11.79%, 2.10%, and 13.58%, respectively. This study demonstrated the use of fruit waste extract as an environmentally sustainable method for extracting collagen from marine fish, highlighting an efficient approach to waste valorization.

Keywords

• water extract
• banana peel
• sardine bone
• collagen
• waste valorization