High Salt Diet Affects the Reproductive Health in Animals: An Overview
Sameh A. Abdelnour,
Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack,
Ahmed E. Noreldin,
Gaber Elsaber Batiha,
Amani Magdy Beshbishy,
Husein Ohran,
Asmaa F. Khafaga,
Sarah I. Othman,
Ahmed A. Allam,
Ayman A. Swelum
Affiliations
Sameh A. Abdelnour
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack
Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
Ahmed E. Noreldin
Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
Gaber Elsaber Batiha
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
Amani Magdy Beshbishy
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
Husein Ohran
Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Asmaa F. Khafaga
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
Sarah I. Othman
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed A. Allam
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef, 65211 Egypt
Ayman A. Swelum
Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (AAS)
Salinity is a reliable issue of crop productivity loss in the world and in certain tropical and subtropical zones. However, tremendous progress in the genetic improvement of plants for salinity tolerance has been made over several decades. In light of this, halophytic plants can be used as animal feeds and have promising features because they are a good feed resource. However, the main constraint of saline pasture systems is the extreme concentration of NaCl salt in drinking water and forage plants for grazing animals. Ecological reports revealed that excess diet salt causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Animal fed halophytic forages may have adverse effects on growth performance and reproductive function in males and females due to inducing reductions in hormone regulation, such as testosterone, FSH, LH, and leptin. It was indicated that high salt intake promotes circulating inflammatory factors in the placenta and is associated with adversative effects on pregnancy. This review focuses on the scientific evidence related to the effect of high salt intake on growth performance, spermatogenesis, sperm function, and testicular morphology changes in male animals. In addition, the review will also focus on its effect on some female reproductive features (e.g., ovarian follicle developments, placental indices, and granulosa cell function).
