Personalized Management and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Ramón Cacabelos,
Vinogran Naidoo,
Olaia Martínez-Iglesias,
Lola Corzo,
Natalia Cacabelos,
Rocío Pego,
Juan C. Carril
Affiliations
Ramón Cacabelos
Department of Genomic Medicine, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Vinogran Naidoo
Department of Neuroscience, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Olaia Martínez-Iglesias
Department of Medical Epigenetics, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Lola Corzo
Department of Medical Biochemistry, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Natalia Cacabelos
Department of Medical Documentation, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Rocío Pego
Department of Neuropsychology, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Juan C. Carril
Department of Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a priority health problem with a high cost to society and a large consumption of medical and social resources. The management of AD patients is complex and multidisciplinary. Over 90% of patients suffer from concomitant diseases and require personalized therapeutic regimens to reduce adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug–drug interactions (DDIs), and unnecessary costs. Men and women show substantial differences in their AD-related phenotypes. Genomic, epigenetic, neuroimaging, and biochemical biomarkers are useful for predictive and differential diagnosis. The most frequent concomitant diseases include hypertension (>25%), obesity (>70%), diabetes mellitus type 2 (>25%), hypercholesterolemia (40%), hypertriglyceridemia (20%), metabolic syndrome (20%), hepatobiliary disorder (15%), endocrine/metabolic disorders (>20%), cardiovascular disorder (40%), cerebrovascular disorder (60–90%), neuropsychiatric disorders (60–90%), and cancer (10%). Over 90% of AD patients require multifactorial treatments with risk of ADRs and DDIs. The implementation of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice can help optimize the limited therapeutic resources available to treat AD and personalize the use of anti-dementia drugs, in combination with other medications, for the treatment of concomitant disorders.