Preliminary Insights into Sustainable Control of <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> Early Blight: Harnessing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Reducing Fungicide Dose
Semra Demir,
Gökhan Boyno,
Younes Rezaee Danesh,
Necmettin Teniz,
Oktay Calayır,
Rojbin Çevik,
Beatrice Farda,
Enrico Sabbi,
Rihab Djebaili,
Claudia Ercole,
Marika Pellegrini,
Francesco Calzarano
Affiliations
Semra Demir
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
Gökhan Boyno
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
Younes Rezaee Danesh
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
Necmettin Teniz
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
Oktay Calayır
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
Rojbin Çevik
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
Beatrice Farda
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
Enrico Sabbi
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
Rihab Djebaili
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
Claudia Ercole
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
Marika Pellegrini
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
Francesco Calzarano
Department of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production is constantly threatened by several fungal pathogens, such as Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight disease. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate the biocontrol ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against A. solani in the presence of reduced doses of fungicides (i.e., captan and copper oxychloride). Disease severity, plant growth traits, chlorophyll and phosphorus content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed. The effects of fungicide dose on AMF were investigated by root colonization, spore density, and mycorrhizal dependence evaluation. AMF-inoculated and fungicide-treated plants reduced disease severity compared to fungicide-treated and non-mycorrhizal plants, in most cases, regardless of the fungicide dose. AMF improved plant growth, especially when combined with copper oxychloride. However, plant fresh weight decreased in plants treated with the lowest dose of captan (25 g 100 L−1). Overall, AMF colonization decreased in plants with high fungicide doses, while the leaf color parameters did not show differences between treatments. The results suggest reducing the fungicide dose using AMF is possible, particularly for copper oxychloride. Further studies will be required to confirm these data. This integrated approach could offer a sustainable alternative to decrease the use of chemical control.
