Trends in Nanotechnology to improve therapeutic efficacy across special structures
Muhammad Imran Khan,
Qurat ul Ain Zahra,
Fakhra Batool,
Fadi Kalsoom,
Shuang Gao,
Rizwan Ali,
Wenshen Wang,
Ahsan Kazmi,
Liu Lianliang,
Gangguo Wang,
Muhammad Bilal
Affiliations
Muhammad Imran Khan
Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China; School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China; Department of Pathology, District Headquarters Hospital Jhang, Punjab 35200, Pakistan; Corresponding author at: School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China.
Qurat ul Ain Zahra
Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
Fakhra Batool
Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Fadi Kalsoom
Ajou University, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
Shuang Gao
School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
Rizwan Ali
Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
Wenshen Wang
Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
Ahsan Kazmi
Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad 45600, Pakistan; Corresponding authors.
Liu Lianliang
School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Gangguo Wang
School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
Muhammad Bilal
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, PR China; Corresponding authors.
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Its treatment has become a horrible dream for researchers. Although different approaches have been used to treat cancers and significant progress has been made in various aspects. Nevertheless, the outcomes of clinical trials are encouraging for eradicating tumor without causing harmful effects. Targeted therapies have demonstrated promising results in terms of off-target toxicity and have pushed definite restrictions. Nanotechnology has assisted to address these concerns. However, biological barriers inside human body are interfering with their successful delivery. Blood-brain barriers, pleural fluid, and mucins on mucous membranes are among the most critical biological barriers that hinder the targeted delivery of nanoparticles. Besides biological barriers, various other characteristics are also responsible for the reduced efficacy of nanotherapeutics. The synthesis of optimized nanoparticles s systematically has provided new insights to overcome various barriers. Functionalization of nanoparticles with various biological molecules and/or doping with certain mucolytic enzymes has shown better results and offered promising platform for the successful delivery of nanodrug carrier to the target site. Surface modified nanoparticles can reach the tumor core more effectively. There has been significant progress in recent years to target the tumor microenvironment in this way. Given their significance, this review summarizes the barriers in drug delivery and provides an overview of various approaches to address issues in drug delivery.
