The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Circumstellar Interaction Signatures in the Low-luminosity Type II SN 2021gmj
- Nicolás Meza-Retamal,
- Yize Dong,
- K. Azalee Bostroem,
- Stefano Valenti,
- Lluís Galbany,
- Jeniveve Pearson,
- Griffin Hosseinzadeh,
- Jennifer E. Andrews,
- David J. Sand,
- Jacob E. Jencson,
- Daryl Janzen,
- Michael J. Lundquist,
- Emily T. Hoang,
- Samuel Wyatt,
- Peter J. Brown,
- D. Andrew Howell,
- Megan Newsome,
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez,
- Craig Pellegrino,
- Giacomo Terreran,
- Vladimir Kouprianov,
- Daichi Hiramatsu,
- Saurabh W. Jha,
- Nathan Smith,
- Joshua Haislip,
- Daniel E. Reichart,
- Manisha Shrestha,
- F. Fabián Rosales-Ortega,
- Thomas G. Brink,
- Alexei V. Filippenko,
- WeiKang Zheng,
- Yi Yang
Affiliations
- Nicolás Meza-Retamal
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA ; [email protected]
- Yize Dong
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA ; [email protected]
- K. Azalee Bostroem
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Stefano Valenti
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA ; [email protected]
- Lluís Galbany
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya , Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Jeniveve Pearson
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Griffin Hosseinzadeh
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Jennifer E. Andrews
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory , 670 North A‘ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720-2700, USA
- David J. Sand
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Jacob E. Jencson
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Daryl Janzen
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan , 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Michael J. Lundquist
- ORCiD
- W.M. Keck Observatory , 65-1120 Māmalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743-8431, USA
- Emily T. Hoang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA ; [email protected]
- Samuel Wyatt
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-0002, USA
- Peter J. Brown
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , 4242 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- D. Andrew Howell
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Megan Newsome
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Craig Pellegrino
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Giacomo Terreran
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Vladimir Kouprianov
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Daichi Hiramatsu
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , USA
- Saurabh W. Jha
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA
- Nathan Smith
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- Joshua Haislip
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Daniel E. Reichart
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Manisha Shrestha
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- F. Fabián Rosales-Ortega
- ORCiD
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE CONACyT), Luis E. Erro 1, 72840, Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico
- Thomas G. Brink
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Alexei V. Filippenko
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- WeiKang Zheng
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Yi Yang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA; Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d55
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 971,
no. 2
p. 141
Abstract
We present comprehensive optical observations of SN 2021gmj, a Type II supernova (SN II) discovered within a day of explosion by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc survey. Follow-up observations show that SN 2021gmj is a low-luminosity SN II (LL SN II), with a peak magnitude M _V = −15.45 and an Fe ii velocity of ∼1800 km s ^−1 at 50 days past explosion. Using the expanding photosphere method, we derive a distance of ${17.8}_{-0.4}^{+0.6}$ Mpc. From the tail of the light curve we obtain a radioactive nickel mass of ${M}_{{}^{56}\mathrm{Ni}}$ = 0.014 ± 0.001 M _⊙ . The presence of circumstellar material (CSM) is suggested by the early-time light curve, early spectra, and high-velocity H α in absorption. Analytical shock-cooling models of the light curve cannot reproduce the fast rise, supporting the idea that the early-time emission is partially powered by the interaction of the SN ejecta and CSM. The inferred low CSM mass of 0.025 M _⊙ in our hydrodynamic-modeling light-curve analysis is also consistent with our spectroscopy. We observe a broad feature near 4600 Å, which may be high-ionization lines of C, N, or/and He ii . This feature is reproduced by radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of red supergiants with extended atmospheres. Several LL SNe II show similar spectral features, implying that high-density material around the progenitor may be common among them.
Keywords
- Core-collapse supernovae
- Type II supernovae
- Circumstellar matter
- Stellar mass loss
- Red supergiant stars
