Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel from Seeds of <i>Artemisia vulgaris</i>: Extraction Optimization by Box–Behnken Design, pH-Responsiveness, and Sustained Drug Release
Muhammad Ajaz Hussain,
Arshad Ali,
Tariq G. Alsahli,
Nadia Khan,
Ahsan Sharif,
Muhammad Tahir Haseeb,
Omar Awad Alsaidan,
Muhammad Tayyab,
Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
Affiliations
Muhammad Ajaz Hussain
Centre for Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
Arshad Ali
Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Tariq G. Alsahli
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Nadia Khan
Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Ahsan Sharif
Centre for Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
Muhammad Tahir Haseeb
College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Omar Awad Alsaidan
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Tayyab
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
The current research work focuses on the extraction and optimization of the hydrogel (AVM) from the seeds of Artemisia vulgaris using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). The AVM was obtained through a hot water extraction process. The influence of different factors, including pH (U = 4 to 10), temperature (V = 25 to 110 °C), seed/water ratio, i.e., S/W ratio (W = 1/10 to 1/70 w/v), and seed/water contact time, i.e., S/W time (X = 1 to 12 h) on the yield of AVM was evaluated. The p-value for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was found to be w/v, and S/W time of 8.73 h according to Design-Expert Software. The study of the pH-responsive behavior of AVM in tablet form (formulation AVT3) revealed that AVM is a pH-responsive material with significantly high swelling at pH 7.4. However, less swelling was witnessed at pH 1.2. Moreover, AVM was found to be a sustained release material for esomeprazole at pH 7.4 for 12 h. The drug release from AVT3 was according to the super case-II transport mechanism and zero-order kinetics.
