Kaempferol, Myricetin and Fisetin in Prostate and Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Felice Crocetto,
Erika di Zazzo,
Carlo Buonerba,
Achille Aveta,
Savio Domenico Pandolfo,
Biagio Barone,
Francesco Trama,
Vincenzo Francesco Caputo,
Luca Scafuri,
Matteo Ferro,
Vincenzo Cosimato,
Ferdinando Fusco,
Ciro Imbimbo,
Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
Affiliations
Felice Crocetto
Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
Erika di Zazzo
Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
Carlo Buonerba
Oncology Unit, Hospital ‘Andrea Tortora’, ASL Salerno, 84016 Pagani, Italy
Achille Aveta
Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
Savio Domenico Pandolfo
Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
Biagio Barone
Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
Francesco Trama
Andrology and Urogynecology Clinic, Santa Maria Terni Hospital, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
Vincenzo Francesco Caputo
Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
Luca Scafuri
Oncology Unit, Hospital ‘Andrea Tortora’, ASL Salerno, 84016 Pagani, Italy
Matteo Ferro
Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
Vincenzo Cosimato
Division of Laboratory Medicine, Civil Hospital ‘Maria SS. Addolorata’, ASL Salerno, 84025 Eboli, Italy
Ferdinando Fusco
Urology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
Ciro Imbimbo
Urology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Prostate and bladder cancer represent the two most frequently diagnosed genito-urinary malignancies. Diet has been implicated in both prostate and bladder cancer. Given their prolonged latency and high prevalence rates, both prostate and bladder cancer represent attractive candidates for dietary preventive measures, including the use of nutritional supplements. Flavonols, a class of flavonoids, are commonly found in fruit and vegetables and are known for their protective effect against diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, a higher dietary intake of flavonols was associated with a lower risk of both bladder and prostate cancer in epidemiological studies. In this systematic review, we gathered all available evidence supporting the anti-cancer potential of selected flavonols (kaempferol, fisetin and myricetin) against bladder and prostate cancer. A total of 21, 15 and 7 pre-clinical articles on bladder or prostate cancer reporting on kaempferol, fisetin and myricetin, respectively, were found, while more limited evidence was available from animal models and epidemiological studies or clinical trials. In conclusion, the available evidence supports the potential use of these flavonols in prostate and bladder cancer, with a low expected toxicity, thus providing the rationale for clinical trials that explore dosing, settings for clinical use as well as their use in combination with other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.