NeuroImage (Nov 2021)

Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T

  • Steve C.N. Hui,
  • Mark Mikkelsen,
  • Helge J. Zöllner,
  • Vishwadeep Ahluwalia,
  • Sarael Alcauter,
  • Laima Baltusis,
  • Deborah A. Barany,
  • Laura R. Barlow,
  • Robert Becker,
  • Jeffrey I. Berman,
  • Adam Berrington,
  • Pallab K. Bhattacharyya,
  • Jakob Udby Blicher,
  • Wolfgang Bogner,
  • Mark S. Brown,
  • Vince D. Calhoun,
  • Ryan Castillo,
  • Kim M. Cecil,
  • Yeo Bi Choi,
  • Winnie C.W. Chu,
  • William T. Clarke,
  • Alexander R. Craven,
  • Koen Cuypers,
  • Michael Dacko,
  • Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval,
  • Patricia Desmond,
  • Aleksandra Domagalik,
  • Julien Dumont,
  • Niall W. Duncan,
  • Ulrike Dydak,
  • Katherine Dyke,
  • David A. Edmondson,
  • Gabriele Ende,
  • Lars Ersland,
  • C. John Evans,
  • Alan S.R. Fermin,
  • Antonio Ferretti,
  • Ariane Fillmer,
  • Tao Gong,
  • Ian Greenhouse,
  • James T. Grist,
  • Meng Gu,
  • Ashley D. Harris,
  • Katarzyna Hat,
  • Stefanie Heba,
  • Eva Heckova,
  • John P. Hegarty, II,
  • Kirstin-Friederike Heise,
  • Shiori Honda,
  • Aaron Jacobson,
  • Jacobus F.A. Jansen,
  • Christopher W. Jenkins,
  • Stephen J. Johnston,
  • Christoph Juchem,
  • Alayar Kangarlu,
  • Adam B. Kerr,
  • Karl Landheer,
  • Thomas Lange,
  • Phil Lee,
  • Swati Rane Levendovszky,
  • Catherine Limperopoulos,
  • Feng Liu,
  • William Lloyd,
  • David J. Lythgoe,
  • Maro G. Machizawa,
  • Erin L. MacMillan,
  • Richard J. Maddock,
  • Andrei V. Manzhurtsev,
  • María L. Martinez-Gudino,
  • Jack J. Miller,
  • Heline Mirzakhanian,
  • Marta Moreno-Ortega,
  • Paul G. Mullins,
  • Shinichiro Nakajima,
  • Jamie Near,
  • Ralph Noeske,
  • Wibeke Nordhøy,
  • Georg Oeltzschner,
  • Raul Osorio-Duran,
  • Maria C.G. Otaduy,
  • Erick H. Pasaye,
  • Ronald Peeters,
  • Scott J. Peltier,
  • Ulrich Pilatus,
  • Nenad Polomac,
  • Eric C. Porges,
  • Subechhya Pradhan,
  • James Joseph Prisciandaro,
  • Nicolaas A Puts,
  • Caroline D. Rae,
  • Francisco Reyes-Madrigal,
  • Timothy P.L. Roberts,
  • Caroline E. Robertson,
  • Jens T. Rosenberg,
  • Diana-Georgiana Rotaru,
  • Ruth L O'Gorman Tuura,
  • Muhammad G. Saleh,
  • Kristian Sandberg,
  • Ryan Sangill,
  • Keith Schembri,
  • Anouk Schrantee,
  • Natalia A. Semenova,
  • Debra Singel,
  • Rouslan Sitnikov,
  • Jolinda Smith,
  • Yulu Song,
  • Craig Stark,
  • Diederick Stoffers,
  • Stephan P. Swinnen,
  • Rongwen Tain,
  • Costin Tanase,
  • Sofie Tapper,
  • Martin Tegenthoff,
  • Thomas Thiel,
  • Marc Thioux,
  • Peter Truong,
  • Pim van Dijk,
  • Nolan Vella,
  • Rishma Vidyasagar,
  • Andrej Vovk,
  • Guangbin Wang,
  • Lars T. Westlye,
  • Timothy K. Wilbur,
  • William R. Willoughby,
  • Martin Wilson,
  • Hans-Jörg Wittsack,
  • Adam J. Woods,
  • Yen-Chien Wu,
  • Junqian Xu,
  • Maria Yanez Lopez,
  • David K.W. Yeung,
  • Qun Zhao,
  • Xiaopeng Zhou,
  • Gasper Zupan,
  • Richard A.E. Edden

Journal volume & issue
Vol. 241
p. 118430

Abstract

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Purpose: Heating of gradient coils and passive shim components is a common cause of instability in the B0 field, especially when gradient intensive sequences are used. The aim of the study was to set a benchmark for typical drift encountered during MR spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking on MRI scanners by comparing field drift data from a large number of sites. Method: A standardized protocol was developed for 80 participating sites using 99 3T MR scanners from 3 major vendors. Phantom water signals were acquired before and after an EPI sequence. The protocol consisted of: minimal preparatory imaging; a short pre-fMRI PRESS; a ten-minute fMRI acquisition; and a long post-fMRI PRESS acquisition. Both pre- and post-fMRI PRESS were non-water suppressed. Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre- and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases. Impacts of frequency drifts on NAA and GABA were also simulated as a function of linear drift. Data from the repeated protocol were compared with the corresponding first dataset using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: Of the data collected from 99 scanners, 4 were excluded due to various reasons. Thus, data from 95 scanners were ultimately analyzed. For the first 5:20 min (64 transients), median (interquartile range) drift was 0.44 (1.29) Hz before fMRI and 0.83 (1.29) Hz after. This increased to 3.15 (4.02) Hz for the full 30 min (360 transients) run. Average drift rates were 0.29 Hz/min before fMRI and 0.43 Hz/min after. Paired t-tests indicated that drift increased after fMRI, as expected (p < 0.05). Simulated spectra convolved with the frequency drift showed that the intensity of the NAA singlet was reduced by up to 26%, 44 % and 18% for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners after fMRI, respectively. ICCs indicated good agreement between datasets acquired on separate days. The single site long acquisition showed drift rate was reduced to 0.03 Hz/min approximately three hours after fMRI. Discussion: This study analyzed frequency drift data from 95 3T MRI scanners. Median levels of drift were relatively low (5-min average under 1 Hz), but the most extreme cases suffered from higher levels of drift. The extent of drift varied across scanners which both linear and nonlinear drifts were observed.

Keywords