Nanofiller‐Induced Enhancement of PVDF Electroactivity for Improved Sensing Performance

Abstract

Abstract Piezoelectric self‐powered sensors are promising platforms for wearable portable devices. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer derivatives are extensively explored as a soft piezoelectric material owing to their high piezoelectric coefficient, chemical thermal stability, biocompatibility, lightweight, and excellent flexibility. It is proved that the dominance of the electroactive (EA) β‐phase crystals versus the non‐electroactive α‐phase crystals is one of the key parameters to obtaining high piezoelectric performance of PVDF. Conventional methods, such as mechanical stretching, electrical poling, and high‐temperature annealing, are investigated to enhance the fraction of the β‐phase. Recently, embedding nanoscale fillers in the PVDF matrix has been investigated to further increase the β‐phase fraction and achieved considerable advances. The introduction of nanofillers is also advantageous in terms of improving the electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PVDF, which are not readily obtained through conventional methods. This review introduces the principles of EA phase transformation in the presence of nanofillers and summarizes recent advances achieved by introducing various fillers, such as perovskites, oxide semiconductors, and 2D chalcogenides. The potential sensor applications of the PVDF nanocomposites responding to temperature, light, acoustic, and mechanical stimuli are reviewed. This review ends with the outlook of this new approach.

Keywords

• electrostatic interaction
• flexible sensors
• nanocomposites
• piezoelectricity
• poly(vinylidene fluoride)