Maqui Berry and Ginseng Extracts Reduce Cigarette Smoke-Induced Cell Injury in a 3D Bone Co-Culture Model
Huizhi Guo,
Weidong Weng,
Shuncong Zhang,
Helen Rinderknecht,
Bianca Braun,
Regina Breinbauer,
Purva Gupta,
Ashok Kumar,
Sabrina Ehnert,
Tina Histing,
Andreas K. Nussler,
Romina H. Aspera-Werz
Affiliations
Huizhi Guo
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Weidong Weng
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Shuncong Zhang
Spine Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Airport Road, Guangzhou 510405, China
Helen Rinderknecht
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Bianca Braun
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Regina Breinbauer
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Purva Gupta
Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
Ashok Kumar
Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
Sabrina Ehnert
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Tina Histing
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Andreas K. Nussler
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Romina H. Aspera-Werz
BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Cigarette smoking-induced oxidative stress has harmful effects on bone metabolism. Maqui berry extract (MBE) and ginseng extract (GE) are two naturally occurring antioxidants that have been shown to reduce oxidative stress. By using an osteoblast and osteoclast three-dimensional co-culture system, we investigated the effects of MBE and GE on bone cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The cell viability and function of the co-culture system were measured on day 14. Markers of bone cell differentiation and oxidative stress were evaluated at gene and protein levels on day 7. The results showed that exposure to CSE induced osteoporotic-like alterations in the co-culture system, while 1.5 µg/mL MBE and 50 µg/mL GE improved CSE-impaired osteoblast function and decreased CSE-induced osteoclast function. The molecular mechanism of MBE and GE in preventing CSE-induced bone cell damage is linked with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, MBE and GE can reduce CSE-induced detrimental effects on bone cells and, thus, prevent smoking-induced alterations in bone cell homeostasis. These two antioxidants are thus suitable supplements to support bone regeneration in smokers.
