Geometric morphometric analysis in nine species of genus Hottentotta (Birula 1908) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) from Iran

Abstract

Hottentotta Birula, 1908 is one of the most widely distributed buthid scorpions, with more than 40described species from Africa, across the Middle East, to India. Currently, this genus is representedby ten morphological species in Iran (H. akbarii, H. jayakari, H. juliae, H. khoozestanus, H.lorestanus, H. navidpouri, H. saulcyi, H. schach, H. sistanensis and H. zagrosensis), all of which areendemic or subendemic in Iran. The members of this genus have not been properly studied from thetaxonomic point of view. A tool that could contribute to scorpions' taxonomic studies is geometricmorphometry, which is defined as the fusion between geometry and biology. In this study, the sizeand shape variations in sternocoxal structure in Hottentotta populations have been examined usingthe geometric morphometric method. The goal was to analyze the isometric size and conformation innine species of Hottentotta. 100 individuals of Hottentotta, collected from different parts of Iranduring 2018-2020, were photographed. Coordinate (x, y) configurations from landmarks wereregistered in sternocoxal structures. Geometric morphometric analyses were performed using Rlanguage. The results clearly showed divergence in the shape and size of sternocoxal structureamong the studied taxa. However, the major shape changes were associated with H. akbarii whichhas a larger size of sternocoxal structure and a narrower sternum, shorter coxa II-III, and longercoxa IV.

Keywords

• coxae
• geometry
• hottentotta
• landmark
• shape variation
• sternum