Ensemble Voting Method for Phonocardiogram Heart Signal Classification Using FFT Features

Abstract

Heart disease is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide, hence the need for effective diagnostic tools. Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals have been explored as a complementary approach to electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect cardiac abnormalities. This research investigates the classification of PCG signals using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) features and deep learning models, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN). Hyperparameter tuning, particularly learning rate adjustment, is applied to optimize the performance of the models. The results show that the GRU and TCN models outperform the LSTM, achieving up to 92% accuracy at a learning rate of 0.0001. Ensemble learning with soft voting was also applied to combine the strengths of each model. Although the ensemble model showed strong performance with 92% accuracy and ROC AUC of 0.9636, it did not provide significant improvement over the base model. This finding highlights the importance of hyperparameter tuning in model optimization, with GRU and TCN showing slightly better performance in the time series classification task. This study concludes that ensemble learning offers stability but does not significantly improve classification accuracy beyond a well-tuned base model.

Keywords

• phonocardiogram
• ensemble learning
• fft features
• soft voting
• lstm
• gru
• tcn