Predictors of flatfoot in 11–12-year olds: a longitudinal cohort study

Abstract

Abstract Background The structures around the navicular bones, which constitute the medial longitudinal arch, develop by 10 years of age. While navicular bone height is often emphasized in the assessment of flatfoot, three-dimensional (3D) evaluations, including those of structural parameters during inversion, have rarely been investigated. If the development of flatfoot during the growth process could be predicted, appropriate interventions could be implemented. Therefore, in this longitudinal cohort study, we developed a system, utilizing smartphones, to measure the 3D structure of the foot, performed a longitudinal analysis of changes in midfoot structures in 124 children aged 9–12 years, and identified factors influencing the height of the navicular bone. The foot skeletal structure was measured using a 3D system. Results Over 2 years, foot length and instep height increased during development, while navicular height decreased. The 25th percentile of the instep height ratio and navicular height ratio at ages 9–10 years did not exceed those at ages 11–12 years, with percentages of 17.9% and 71.6%, respectively, for boys, and 15.8% and 49.1%, respectively, for girls. As the quartiles of the second toe–heel–navicular angle (SHN angle) increased at ages 9–10 years, the axis of the bone distance (ABD) and SHN angles at ages 11–12 years also increased, resulting in a decrease in the navicular height ratio. A significant inverse correlation was found between changes in SHN angle and navicular height ratio. These findings indicate that the navicular bone rotation of the midfoot is a predictor of the descent of the navicular bone. Conclusions This study revealed that some children exhibit decreases in navicular bone height with growth. As a distinct feature, the inversion of the navicular bone promotes flattening of the midfoot. Thus, this study provides insights into changes in midfoot development in children and provides an effective evaluation index.

Keywords

• CT-based 3D analysis
• Foot 3D scanner
• Medial longitudinal arches
• Elementary school student