Cancer Medicine (Jul 2021)

Vitamin D supplementation for children with cancer: A systematic review and consensus recommendations

  • Jenneke E. vanAtteveld,
  • Iris E. Verhagen,
  • Marry M. van denHeuvel‐Eibrink,
  • Hanneke M. vanSanten,
  • Inge M. van derSluis,
  • Natascia Di Iorgi,
  • Jill H. Simmons,
  • Leanne M. Ward,
  • Sebastian J.C.M.M. Neggers

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.4013
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 10, no. 13
pp. 4177 – 4194

Abstract

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Abstract Background Prevalent vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and low bone mineral density (BMD) have led to vitamin D supplementation for children with cancer, regardless vitamin D status. However, it remains unsettled whether this enhances bone strength. We sought to address this issue by carrying out a systematic review of the literature. Methods We conducted a literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Studies including children up to 5 years after cancer therapy were assessed for the association between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and BMD Z‐scores or fractures, and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on BMD or fractures. Evidence quality was assessed using the GRADE methodology. Results Nineteen studies (16 observational and 3 interventional, mainly involving children with hematologic malignancies) were included. One study which analyzed 25OHD as a threshold variable (≤10 ng/ml) found a significant association between 25OHD levels and BMD Z‐scores, while 25OHD as a continuous variable was not significantly associated with BMD Z‐scores in 14 observational studies. We found neither a significant association between lower 25OHD levels and fractures (2 studies), nor between vitamin D (and calcium) supplementation and BMD or fracture frequency (3 studies) (very low quality evidence). Conclusion There is a lack of evidence for an effect of vitamin D (and calcium) supplementation on BMD or fractures in children with cancer. Further research is needed; until then, we recommend dietary vitamin D/calcium intake in keeping with standard national guidelines, and periodic 25OHD monitoring to detect levels <20 ng/ml. Vitamin D/calcium supplementation is recommended in children with low levels, to maintain levels ≥20 ng/ml year‐long.

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