The Effects of Surfactant and Metal Ions on the Stability and Rheological Properties of Nanoemulsions Loaded with Gardenia Yellow Pigment

Abstract

The present work reports the preparation of gardenia yellow pigment containing paraffin oil nanoemulsions stabilized by Span80 and Tween80. The preparation of the required nanoemulsions was optimized by testing different conditions, such as varying the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB), the emulsifier concentration (EC), the oil–water ratio (OWR), and the temperature (T), as determined by the average droplet diameter (ADD) and polydispersity index (PDI). Our results indicated that a minimum ADD of 65.9 nm and PDI of 0.116 were obtained at an optimum HLB value of 6.0, EC of 10% (w/w), OWR of 2:1, and T of 40 °C. Both the steady-state and dynamic rheological parameters were further investigated, revealing that the emulsions exhibited pseudoplastic behaviors. The long-term stabilities of the nanoemulsions after the addition of inorganic salts were monitored by observing their visual appearances. It was found that the emulsions containing pure water or 0.1 M CaCl2 and AlCl3 became slightly separated, while the emulsions containing 0.1 M KCl and NaCl showed no separation after 30 days of storage at room T. This difference among different salts could be related to the number of valence electrons of their cations. The spatial electrostatic effects of the monovalent cationic (KCl and NaCl) and the nonionic surfactants were greater than the delamination/sedimentation forces of the system, which was better than the salt based on the cations with valences greater than one (CaCl2 and AlCl3). In conclusion, the present work illustrated the formation, rheological properties, and stability of water containing gardenia yellow pigment in paraffin oil nanoemulsions, which can be of great significance for the application of gardenia-yellow-pigment-based formulations.

Keywords

• gardenia yellow pigment
• nanoemulsion
• hydrophilic–lipophilic balance
• stability
• rheology