The Extended Direct Algebraic Method for Extracting Analytical Solitons Solutions to the Cubic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation Involving Beta Derivatives in Space and Time

Abstract

In the field of nonlinear optics, quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, and wave propagation in rigid and other nonlinear instability phenomena, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation has significant applications. In this study, the soliton solutions of the space-time fractional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with Kerr law nonlinearity are investigated using an extended direct algebraic method. The solutions are found in the form of hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational functions. Among the established solutions, some exhibit wide spectral and typical characteristics, while others are standard. Various types of well-known solitons, including kink-shape, periodic, V-shape, and singular kink-shape solitons, have been extracted here. To gain insight into the internal formation of these phenomena, the obtained solutions have been depicted in two- and three-dimensional graphs with different parameter values. The obtained solitons can be employed to explain many complicated phenomena associated with this model.

Keywords

• beta derivative
• the space-time fractional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• soliton solutions
• the extended direct algebraic method