Shield tunnels’ structural stability is challenged due to the fact that they are often built under rivers, lakes, and oceans. It is crucial to execute the structural deformation perception of the shield tunnel. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology is sensitive to deformation information, making it one of the greatest options for shield tunnels to perceive structural deformation. In this study, a 1:20 scale model test was carried out to investigate the deformation perception of the shield tunnel structure under three different layouts of surface-mounted FBG sensors. The deformation law of the tunnel is discussed, under the condition of two-factor cross fusion and especially under the condition of constant water pressure and soil pressure change. The results indicate that, under the combined action of water and soil pressure, the uniform water pressure of 0.33 MPa has a stabilizing effect on the segment strain under the vertical load of 0.4 MPa. The traditional four-point layout and the 18° uniform layout are more effective in detecting changes in local tunnel curvature and strain, respectively, compared to the 36° uniform layout mode. It is advised that the traditional four-point layout be used to collect information for other sections’ monitoring and that the 18° uniform layout is for harsh terrain conditions.
