Unsupervised Deep Learning CAD Scheme for the Detection of Malaria in Blood Smear Microscopic Images

Abstract

Recent advances in deep learning, coupled with the onslaught of unlabelled medical data have drawn ever-increasing research interests by discovering multiple levels of distributed representations and solving complex medical related problems. Malaria disease detection in early stage requires an accurate and precise diagnosis in order to achieve successful patient remission. This paper proposes a comprehensive computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for identifying the presence of malaria parasites in thick blood smear images. The parameters of the scheme are pre-trained by functional link artificial neural network followed by sparse stacked autoencoder. The optimum size of the CAD scheme used in this research is 12500-2500-100-50-2, where the input layer has 12500 nodes and Softmax classifier output layer has 2 nodes. Moreover, the 10- fold cross validation reflects that the classification is reliable and is applicable to new patient blood smear images. The proposed CAD scheme has been evaluated using malaria blood smear image data set, achieving a detection accuracy of 89.10%, a sensitivity of 93.90% and specificity of 83.10%. The extensive comparative experiment suggests that the proposed CAD scheme provides richer effectiveness and efficiency for malaria data set compared to other deep learning techniques for better diagnosis decision and management. This work implements a novel approach to fast processing and will be a beneficial tool in disease identification.

Keywords

• Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)
• Deep learning
• malaria parasite detection
• microscopic blood smear images
• digital pathology
• K-fold cross-validation