Paradoxes of Competition in Periodic Environments: Delta Functions in Ecological Models

Abstract

We demonstrate a basic technique for simplifying time-periodic competition models, which is based on the utilization of periodic delta functions as population growth rates. We show that the Poincare mapping splits into a sequence of one-dimensional mappings. The study of the corresponding stable equilibria allows us to make conclusions concerning the coexistence and selection of the family of competitors. In particular, in “all vs. all” systems, for one of the populations to dominate, it is enough to surpass the others with a certain margin, and the correspondent stock constant does not depend on the number of competitors. We present paradoxical examples, where (1) a low-productive population can displace a highly productive one, (2) the displacement is non-transitive, (3) the coexistence is non-transitive. We also show how the delta functions can be utilized for the analysis of a “predator–prey” system.

Keywords

• time-periodic environment
• delta functions
• competition
• selection criteria
• universal stock constant