Assessments and Targeted Rehabilitation Therapies for Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Yanjun Chen,1 Peijun Li,1 Jie Wang,2 Weibing Wu,1 Xiaodan Liu3 1Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaodan Liu, School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road No. 300, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel [phone], Email [email protected] Jie Wang, School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Chang Hai Road No. 399, Yang Pu District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel [phone], Email [email protected]: This review summarizes the characteristics, assessment methods, and targeted rehabilitation therapies of diaphragm dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods: Extensive literature was searched in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang, and SinoMed.Results: Under the influence of oxidative stress, inflammation, and other factors, the diaphragm function of patients with COPD changes in mobility, muscle strength, thickness, and thickening. In patients with COPD, diaphragm mobility can be assessed using ultrasound, X-ray fluoroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Diaphragmatic strength can be measured by transdiaphragmatic pressure and maximal inspiratory pressure. Diaphragmatic thickness and thickening can be assessed using ultrasound. Rehabilitation therapies targeting the diaphragm include diaphragmatic breathing, diaphragm-related manual therapy, and phrenic nerve electrical stimulation. Diaphragmatic breathing is safe, simple, and not limited by places. Diaphragmatic manual therapies, which require patient cooperation and one-on-one operation by a professional therapist, are effective. Phrenic nerve electrical stimulation is suitable for patients with severe conditions. These therapies improve the diaphragmatic function, lung function, dyspnea, and exercise capacity of patients with COPD.Conclusion: The diaphragmatic function is commonly assessed in terms of mobility, strength, thickness, and thickening. Diaphragmatic targeted rehabilitation therapies have proven to be efficient, which are recommended to be included in the pulmonary rehabilitation strategy for patients with COPD.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diaphragmatic dysfunction, assessment, diaphragmatic breathing, manual therapy, phrenic nerve electrical stimulation

Keywords

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• diaphragmatic dysfunction
• assessment
• diaphragmatic breathing
• manual therapy
• phrenic nerve electrical stimulation