The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2023)
Identification of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Lens Candidates in the DECam Local Volume Exploration Survey Using Machine Learning
- E. A. Zaborowski,
- A. Drlica-Wagner,
- F. Ashmead,
- J. F. Wu,
- R. Morgan,
- C. R. Bom,
- A. J. Shajib,
- S. Birrer,
- W. Cerny,
- E. J. Buckley-Geer,
- B. Mutlu-Pakdil,
- P. S. Ferguson,
- K. Glazebrook,
- S. J. Gonzalez Lozano,
- Y. Gordon,
- M. Martinez,
- V. Manwadkar,
- J. O’Donnell,
- J. Poh,
- A. Riley,
- J. D. Sakowska,
- L. Santana-Silva,
- B. X. Santiago,
- D. Sluse,
- C. Y. Tan,
- E. J. Tollerud,
- A. Verma,
- J. A. Carballo-Bello,
- Y. Choi,
- D. J. James,
- N. Kuropatkin,
- C. E. Martínez-Vázquez,
- D. L. Nidever,
- J. L. Nilo Castellon,
- N. E. D. Noël,
- K. A. G. Olsen,
- A. B. Pace,
- S. Mau,
- B. Yanny,
- A. Zenteno,
- T. M. C. Abbott,
- M. Aguena,
- O. Alves,
- F. Andrade-Oliveira,
- S. Bocquet,
- D. Brooks,
- D. L. Burke,
- A. Carnero Rosell,
- M. Carrasco Kind,
- J. Carretero,
- F. J. Castander,
- C. J. Conselice,
- M. Costanzi,
- M. E. S. Pereira,
- J. De Vicente,
- S. Desai,
- J. P. Dietrich,
- P. Doel,
- S. Everett,
- I. Ferrero,
- B. Flaugher,
- D. Friedel,
- J. Frieman,
- J. García-Bellido,
- D. Gruen,
- R. A. Gruendl,
- G. Gutierrez,
- S. R. Hinton,
- D. L. Hollowood,
- K. Honscheid,
- K. Kuehn,
- H. Lin,
- J. L. Marshall,
- P. Melchior,
- J. Mena-Fernández,
- F. Menanteau,
- R. Miquel,
- A. Palmese,
- F. Paz-Chinchón,
- A. Pieres,
- A. A. Plazas Malagón,
- J. Prat,
- M. Rodriguez-Monroy,
- A. K. Romer,
- E. Sanchez,
- V. Scarpine,
- I. Sevilla-Noarbe,
- M. Smith,
- E. Suchyta,
- C. To,
- N. Weaverdyck,
- DELVE & DES Collaborations
Affiliations
- E. A. Zaborowski
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. Drlica-Wagner
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- F. Ashmead
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- J. F. Wu
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- R. Morgan
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1150 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA
- C. R. Bom
- ORCiD
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas , Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- A. J. Shajib
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- S. Birrer
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- W. Cerny
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- E. J. Buckley-Geer
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- B. Mutlu-Pakdil
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- P. S. Ferguson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA
- K. Glazebrook
- ORCiD
- Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , VIC 3122, Australia
- S. J. Gonzalez Lozano
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1150 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA
- Y. Gordon
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1150 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA
- M. Martinez
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA
- V. Manwadkar
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- J. O’Donnell
- ORCiD
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- J. Poh
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. Riley
- ORCiD
- Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK; George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USA
- J. D. Sakowska
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey , Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
- L. Santana-Silva
- ORCiD
- NAT-Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul/Universidade Cidade de São Paulo , Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, 01506-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- B. X. Santiago
- Instituto de Física , UFRGS, Caixa Postal 15051, Porto Alegre, RS—91501-970, Brazil; Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil
- D. Sluse
- ORCiD
- STAR Institute , Quartier Agora—Allée du six Aout, 19c B-4000 Liége, Belgium
- C. Y. Tan
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- E. J. Tollerud
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- A. Verma
- ORCiD
- Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
- J. A. Carballo-Bello
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Sede Esmeralda, Universidad de Tarapacá , Av. Luis Emilio Recabarren 2477, Iquique, Chile
- Y. Choi
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- D. J. James
- ORCiD
- ASTRAVEO LLC , P.O. Box 1668, MA 01931, USA
- N. Kuropatkin
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- C. E. Martínez-Vázquez
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- D. L. Nidever
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Montana State University , P.O. Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717-3840, USA
- J. L. Nilo Castellon
- Dirección Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad de La Serena , Avenida Juan Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile
- N. E. D. Noël
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, University of Surrey , Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
- K. A. G. Olsen
- ORCiD
- NSF’s National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- A. B. Pace
- ORCiD
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- S. Mau
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- B. Yanny
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- A. Zenteno
- ORCiD
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory , NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
- T. M. C. Abbott
- ORCiD
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory , NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
- M. Aguena
- ORCiD
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil
- O. Alves
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- F. Andrade-Oliveira
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- S. Bocquet
- ORCiD
- University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany
- D. Brooks
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- D. L. Burke
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- A. Carnero Rosell
- ORCiD
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Universidad de La Laguna , Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- M. Carrasco Kind
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys , National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- J. Carretero
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- F. J. Castander
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- C. J. Conselice
- ORCiD
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PY, UK
- M. Costanzi
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste , via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy; Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe , Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy
- M. E. S. Pereira
- Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany
- J. De Vicente
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- S. Desai
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad , Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
- J. P. Dietrich
- ORCiD
- University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany
- P. Doel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- S. Everett
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- I. Ferrero
- ORCiD
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- B. Flaugher
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- D. Friedel
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys , National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- J. Frieman
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- J. García-Bellido
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- D. Gruen
- ORCiD
- University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany
- R. A. Gruendl
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys , National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- G. Gutierrez
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- S. R. Hinton
- ORCiD
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- D. L. Hollowood
- ORCiD
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- K. Honscheid
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- K. Kuehn
- ORCiD
- Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University , North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia; Lowell Observatory , 1400 Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- H. Lin
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- J. L. Marshall
- ORCiD
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USA
- P. Melchior
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- J. Mena-Fernández
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- F. Menanteau
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys , National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- R. Miquel
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
- A. Palmese
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley , 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- F. Paz-Chinchón
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys , National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
- A. Pieres
- ORCiD
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil
- A. A. Plazas Malagón
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- J. Prat
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- M. Rodriguez-Monroy
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- A. K. Romer
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex , Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
- E. Sanchez
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- V. Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- I. Sevilla-Noarbe
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- M. Smith
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- E. Suchyta
- ORCiD
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- C. To
- ORCiD
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- N. Weaverdyck
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- DELVE & DES Collaborations
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace4ba
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 954,
no. 1
p. 68
Abstract
We perform a search for galaxy–galaxy strong lens systems using a convolutional neural network (CNN) applied to imaging data from the first public data release of the DECam Local Volume Exploration Survey, which contains ∼520 million astronomical sources covering ∼4000 deg ^2 of the southern sky to a 5 σ point–source depth of g = 24.3, r = 23.9, i = 23.3, and z = 22.8 mag. Following the methodology of similar searches using Dark Energy Camera data, we apply color and magnitude cuts to select a catalog of ∼11 million extended astronomical sources. After scoring with our CNN, the highest-scoring 50,000 images were visually inspected and assigned a score on a scale from 0 (not a lens) to 3 (very probable lens). We present a list of 581 strong lens candidates, 562 of which are previously unreported. We categorize our candidates using their human-assigned scores, resulting in 55 Grade A candidates, 149 Grade B candidates, and 377 Grade C candidates. We additionally highlight eight potential quadruply lensed quasars from this sample. Due to the location of our search footprint in the northern Galactic cap ( b > 10 deg) and southern celestial hemisphere (decl. < 0 deg), our candidate list has little overlap with other existing ground-based searches. Where our search footprint does overlap with other searches, we find a significant number of high-quality candidates that were previously unidentified, indicating a degree of orthogonality in our methodology. We report properties of our candidates including apparent magnitude and Einstein radius estimated from the image separation.
Keywords
