Genetic evidence for plastic reproductive philopatry and matrotrophy in blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) of the Moorea Island (French Polynesia)

Abstract

Abstract The exploitation of sharks and the degradation of their habitats elevate the urgency to understand the factors that influence offspring survival and ultimately shark reproductive success. We monitored and sampled blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in nursery habitats of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), to improve knowledge on shark reproductive behavior and biology. We sampled fin clips and morphometrics from 230 young-of-the-year sharks and used microsatellite DNA markers to process parentage analysis to study the reproductive philopatric behavior in female sharks and the matrotrophy within litters. These traits are driving the success of the local replenishment influencing selection through birth site and maternal reserves transmitted to pups. Parentage analysis revealed that some female sharks changed their parturition areas (inter-seasonally) while other female sharks came back to the same site for parturition, providing evidence for a plastic philopatric behavior. Morphometrics showed that there was no significant relationship between body condition indices and nursery locations. However, similarities and differences in body condition were observed between individuals sharing the same mother, indicating that resource allocation within some shark litters might be unbalanced. Our findings further our understanding of the reproductive biology and behavior that shape shark populations with the aim to introduce these parameters into future conservation strategies.