Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Dec 2017)
The role of ions in new particle formation in the CLOUD chamber
- R. Wagner,
- C. Yan,
- K. Lehtipalo,
- K. Lehtipalo,
- J. Duplissy,
- T. Nieminen,
- J. Kangasluoma,
- L. R. Ahonen,
- L. Dada,
- J. Kontkanen,
- J. Kontkanen,
- H. E. Manninen,
- H. E. Manninen,
- A. Dias,
- A. Dias,
- A. Amorim,
- A. Amorim,
- P. S. Bauer,
- A. Bergen,
- A.-K. Bernhammer,
- F. Bianchi,
- S. Brilke,
- S. Brilke,
- S. B. Mazon,
- X. Chen,
- D. C. Draper,
- L. Fischer,
- C. Frege,
- C. Fuchs,
- O. Garmash,
- H. Gordon,
- H. Gordon,
- J. Hakala,
- L. Heikkinen,
- M. Heinritzi,
- V. Hofbauer,
- C. R. Hoyle,
- J. Kirkby,
- J. Kirkby,
- A. Kürten,
- A. N. Kvashnin,
- T. Laurila,
- M. J. Lawler,
- H. Mai,
- V. Makhmutov,
- V. Makhmutov,
- R. L. Mauldin III,
- R. L. Mauldin III,
- U. Molteni,
- L. Nichman,
- L. Nichman,
- L. Nichman,
- W. Nie,
- W. Nie,
- A. Ojdanic,
- A. Onnela,
- F. Piel,
- F. Piel,
- L. L. J. Quéléver,
- M. P. Rissanen,
- N. Sarnela,
- S. Schallhart,
- K. Sengupta,
- M. Simon,
- D. Stolzenburg,
- Y. Stozhkov,
- J. Tröstl,
- Y. Viisanen,
- A. L. Vogel,
- A. L. Vogel,
- A. C. Wagner,
- M. Xiao,
- P. Ye,
- P. Ye,
- U. Baltensperger,
- J. Curtius,
- N. M. Donahue,
- R. C. Flagan,
- M. Gallagher,
- A. Hansel,
- A. Hansel,
- J. N. Smith,
- J. N. Smith,
- A. Tomé,
- P. M. Winkler,
- D. Worsnop,
- D. Worsnop,
- D. Worsnop,
- D. Worsnop,
- M. Ehn,
- M. Sipilä,
- V.-M. Kerminen,
- T. Petäjä,
- M. Kulmala
Affiliations
- R. Wagner
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- C. Yan
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- K. Lehtipalo
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- K. Lehtipalo
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- J. Duplissy
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
- T. Nieminen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
- J. Kangasluoma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- L. R. Ahonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- L. Dada
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- J. Kontkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- J. Kontkanen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- H. E. Manninen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- H. E. Manninen
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- A. Dias
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- A. Dias
- CENTRA – SIM, University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal
- A. Amorim
- CENTRA – SIM, University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal
- A. Amorim
- Faculty of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- P. S. Bauer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- A. Bergen
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- A.-K. Bernhammer
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- F. Bianchi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- S. Brilke
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- S. Brilke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- S. B. Mazon
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- X. Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- D. C. Draper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- L. Fischer
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- C. Frege
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- C. Fuchs
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- O. Garmash
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- H. Gordon
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- H. Gordon
- University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds, UK
- J. Hakala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- L. Heikkinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- M. Heinritzi
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- V. Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- C. R. Hoyle
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- J. Kirkby
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- J. Kirkby
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- A. Kürten
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- A. N. Kvashnin
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- T. Laurila
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- M. J. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- H. Mai
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- V. Makhmutov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- V. Makhmutov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia
- R. L. Mauldin III
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- R. L. Mauldin III
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, Colorado
- U. Molteni
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- L. Nichman
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- L. Nichman
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
- L. Nichman
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- W. Nie
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- W. Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- A. Ojdanic
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- A. Onnela
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- F. Piel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- F. Piel
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- L. L. J. Quéléver
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- M. P. Rissanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- N. Sarnela
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- S. Schallhart
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- K. Sengupta
- University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds, UK
- M. Simon
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- D. Stolzenburg
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- Y. Stozhkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- J. Tröstl
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- Y. Viisanen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, Finland
- A. L. Vogel
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- A. L. Vogel
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- A. C. Wagner
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- M. Xiao
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- P. Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- P. Ye
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
- U. Baltensperger
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland
- J. Curtius
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- N. M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. C. Flagan
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- M. Gallagher
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- A. Hansel
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- A. Hansel
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- J. N. Smith
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
- J. N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- A. Tomé
- CENTRA – SIM, University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal
- P. M. Winkler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- D. Worsnop
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- D. Worsnop
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
- D. Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
- D. Worsnop
- TOFWERK AG, Uttigenstrasse 22, Thun, Switzerland
- M. Ehn
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- M. Sipilä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- V.-M. Kerminen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- T. Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- M. Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 17
pp. 15181 – 15197
Abstract
The formation of secondary particles in the atmosphere accounts for more than half of global cloud condensation nuclei. Experiments at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber have underlined the importance of ions for new particle formation, but quantifying their effect in the atmosphere remains challenging. By using a novel instrument setup consisting of two nanoparticle counters, one of them equipped with an ion filter, we were able to further investigate the ion-related mechanisms of new particle formation. In autumn 2015, we carried out experiments at CLOUD on four systems of different chemical compositions involving monoterpenes, sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia. We measured the influence of ions on the nucleation rates under precisely controlled and atmospherically relevant conditions. Our results indicate that ions enhance the nucleation process when the charge is necessary to stabilize newly formed clusters, i.e., in conditions in which neutral clusters are unstable. For charged clusters that were formed by ion-induced nucleation, we were able to measure, for the first time, their progressive neutralization due to recombination with oppositely charged ions. A large fraction of the clusters carried a charge at 1.5 nm diameter. However, depending on particle growth rates and ion concentrations, charged clusters were largely neutralized by ion–ion recombination before they grew to 2.5 nm. At this size, more than 90 % of particles were neutral. In other words, particles may originate from ion-induced nucleation, although they are neutral upon detection at diameters larger than 2.5 nm. Observations at Hyytiälä, Finland, showed lower ion concentrations and a lower contribution of ion-induced nucleation than measured at CLOUD under similar conditions. Although this can be partly explained by the observation that ion-induced fractions decrease towards lower ion concentrations, further investigations are needed to resolve the origin of the discrepancy.
