Frontiers in Endocrinology (Oct 2024)
Skeletal phenotypes in postmenopausal women affected by primary hyperparathyroidism
Abstract
PurposeThe current primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) presents as a mild disease. We explored skeletal phenotypes in postmenopausal women affected by PHPT, focusing on fracture prevalence.MethodsPHPT women were retrospectively evaluated at four Italian centers for osteoporosis management (two centers in Milan, n = 244; Cuneo, n = 128; Pisa, n = 131). Data collected from clinical records were analyzed by hierarchical clusterization.ResultsConsidering the whole PHPT series [n = 503, aged 67.0 (61.0–74.0) years], 90% had low bone mineral density (BMD) and approximately 30% reported at least one fracture. Vertebral fractures were associated with older age and lower hypophosphatemia, while women with appendicular fractures were younger with less severe hypophosphatemia. Fractures were predicted by lumbar T-score. By using a clustering approach, we identified four different skeletal phenotypes (cluster, C): C1 (n = 53) and C2 (n = 172) included women with lumbar and femur neck osteopenia, with low prevalence of fractures (11.3%). Osteoporotic PHPT women were grouped into C3 (n = 142) and C4 (n = 136); all women in C4 experienced fractures, were older, and were more frequently affected with cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, women included in C3 never experienced fractures and had a lower body mass index (BMI), though they were characterized by severe reduction in BMD at both lumbar and femur sites. Ionized and total calcium, phosphate, 25hydroxyvitamin D levels, kidney function, and stone prevalence (range, 26.4%–29.0%) were similar among clusters C1, C2, and C4, while unfractured women in C3 showed slightly higher ionized hypercalcemia, lower hypophosphatemia, and higher hypercalciuria with a trend to more frequently develop kidney stones (38.7%) than women in the remaining clusters.ConclusionsSkeletal involvement in women with PHPT presented heterogeneous phenotypes with different prevalence of fractures. Fractures were not related to PHPT severity, suggesting that other factors besides PHPT, such as age, BMI, and lumbar and femur BMD, should be considered in the evaluation of bone involvement in postmenopausal women with PHPT.
Keywords
