Progress in the diagnostic techniques for localized scleroderma

Abstract

Localized scleroderma (LS) is an autoimmune disease primarily affecting the skin, subcutaneous fat, and deep tissues, potentially leading to significant functional impairment and aesthetic damage. Timely and accurate diagnosis are crucial for the treatment and management of patients. Yet, challenges persist in its diagnosis. This review explores the latest advancements in the diagnosis of LS, including high-frequency ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and molecular and genetic testing. These technologies have enhanced the precision and immediacy of diagnosis. High-frequency ultrasound allows the precise assessment of skin lesions, while MRI aids in evaluation of deep tissue involvement. OCT and dermoscopy reveal minor structural changes in the skin, and molecular and genetic testing offer new perspectives on understanding the disease mechanisms and individualized treatment. Despite limitations due to cost and availability of technology, these advancements hold significant potential in improving diagnostic protocols and providing personalized treatment plans. Future research should further explore the integration of these technologies with traditional methods and their application across different subtypes and stages of the disease.

Keywords

• localized scleroderma
• high-frequency ultrasound
• magnetic resonance imaging
• optical coherence tomography
• molecular and genetic testing