The effect of various parameters on the supercritical extraction of Moroccan oil shales: Application in the elaboration of carbon foams and graphitizable carbons
Abdelkrim Abourriche,
Mina Oumam,
Said Mansouri,
Younes Abouliatim,
Mossaab Mouiya,
Yassine Rakcho,
Abdelaziz Benhammou,
Jones Alami,
Hassan Hannache
Affiliations
Abdelkrim Abourriche
Laboratoire Matériaux, Procédés et environnement, École Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, B.P. 63 46000 Safi, Morocco
Mina Oumam
Laboratoire des Matériaux Thermostructuraux, Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik, B.P. 7955 Casablanca, Morocco
Said Mansouri
Laboratoire des Matériaux Thermostructuraux, Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik, B.P. 7955 Casablanca, Morocco
Younes Abouliatim
Laboratoire Matériaux, Procédés et environnement, École Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, B.P. 63 46000 Safi, Morocco
Mossaab Mouiya
Laboratoire Matériaux, Procédés et environnement, École Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, B.P. 63 46000 Safi, Morocco, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, University of Mohamed VI Polytechnic, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben G
Yassine Rakcho
Laboratory Materials, Processes, Environment and Quality, National School of Applied Sciences, Safi, Morocco
Abdelaziz Benhammou
Laboratoire Matériaux, Procédés et environnement, École Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, B.P. 63 46000 Safi, Morocco
Jones Alami
Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, University of Mohamed VI Polytechnic, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
Hassan Hannache
Laboratoire des Matériaux Thermostructuraux, Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik, B.P. 7955 Casablanca, Morocco
This study evaluates the possibilities to produce new materials, starting from Moroccan oil shales, for different applications. More specifically, the authors aimed to demonstrate that the organic fraction of the oil shales could be used as a precursor of carbon foams and graphitizable carbons, after appropriate chemical treatments resulting in the âmaturationâ of this organic phase. First, the researchers studied the optimization of experimental conditions and the identification of various parameters influencing the yield and composition of oils obtained by the supercritical extraction of Moroccan oil shale. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as mineral matter, thermal treatment temperature (T), treatment duration (t) and solvent type, was studied. The experimental results obtained show clearly that the organic matter contained in the Moroccan Tarfaya oil shale (sub-layer R3 ) can be recovered by phenol under the following optimal conditions: T = 390 °C, t = 2.5 hours using phenol as a solvent with an amount of 15 g for each 10 g of sub-layer R3 carbonate-free oil shale (RH). The results reveal that the yield and composition of the oil obtained by extraction with phenol is markedly different from those obtained by extraction with toluene, quinoline or without solvent. Furthermore, the phenol has a very signiï¬cant role in increasing the recovery yield and the degree of maturation of the obtained oil. It was shown that phenol was a suitable extraction solvent to produce graphitizable carbon at a relatively low temperature, below 1800 °C.