What Is the Difference Between Observed Association and Causal Association, Signals and Evidence? Examples Related to COVID-19

• Vicki Osborne,
• Vicki Osborne,
• Saad A. W. Shakir,
• Saad A. W. Shakir

Affiliations

Vicki Osborne

Drug Safety Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom

Vicki Osborne

School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

Saad A. W. Shakir

Drug Safety Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom

Saad A. W. Shakir

School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom