Deterioration of Mortar Bars Using Binary and Ternary Mixtures Immersed in Sodium Sulfate Solutions

Abstract

In this study, the performance of several binary and ternary mixtures containing high-calcium fly ash and other pozzolans, such as Class F fly ash and silica fume, were investigated for their sulfate resistance using different sodium sulfate solutions. The mortar bars were placed in a similar sulfate solution as per modified ASTM C 1012/1012M (33,800 ppm SO42−) with a less severe sulfate solution (6000 ppm SO42−) has been tested to resemble actual field performance for a duration of 18 months. The phase composition of the mortar samples was investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Results show that the mortar bars placed in the moderate sulfate concentration experience less expansion and deterioration than the same bars placed in the higher sulfate concentration. Storage in sodium sulfate solutions resulted in the formation of ettringite and gypsum in both sulfate concentrations. Replacement of cement by high-calcium fly ash showed significantly higher amounts of ettringite formation, especially for the mortar bars stored in the higher sulfate concentration. SEM analysis revealed ettringite to be the primary cause of disruption and deterioration observed in the mortar bars.

Keywords

• sulfate attack
• sulfate concentration
• ettringite
• gypsum
• expansion