Inhibitions of monoamine oxidases by ferulic acid hydrazide derivatives: synthesis, biochemistry, and computational evaluation

Abstract

Abstract Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) regulate neurotransmitters, and changes in their regulation lead to neurogenerative diseases (NDs). Therefore, MAO inhibitors are used to treat NDs. Ferulic acid, a phenolic compound found in various plant species, has been demonstrated to have a variety of biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, ten ferulic acid hydrazide derivatives (FA1–FA10) were synthesized, and their ability to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes was tested. Six candidates demonstrated a more pronounced pattern of inhibitory action against MAO-B than against MAO-A. FA3 had the highest inhibitory efficacy in MAO-B inhibition (IC50 value of 1.88 μM), followed by FA9 (2.08 μM). FA3 has a Ki of 1.92 ± 0.73 μM. A reversibility experiment of MAO-B inhibition by FA3 was conducted using dialysis, and the recovery pattern showed FA3 was a reversible MAO-B inhibitor with a similar recovery to safinamide, a reversible reference inhibitor. These results indicate that FA3 is an effective reversible MAO-B inhibitor. In molecular dynamics and docking, FA3 paired with pi-pi stacking helped stabilize the protein ligand in the active site of MAO-B. According to this study, lead compounds can be used as therapeutic agents to treat neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease (PD).

Keywords

• Ferulic acid
• Monoamine oxidase
• Kinetics
• Reversibility
• Molecular docking
• Molecular dynamics