Applied Sciences (Aug 2024)
A Modified Bio-Inspired Optimizer with Capsule Network for Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
Abstract
Recently, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the common neurodegenerative disorders, which primarily occurs in old age. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is an effective imaging technique used in clinical practice for determining the period of AD patients. An efficient deep learning framework is proposed in this paper for AD detection, which is inspired from clinical practice. The proposed deep learning framework significantly enhances the performance of AD classification by requiring less processing time. Initially, in the proposed framework, the sMRI images are acquired from a real-time dataset and two online datasets including Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle flagship work of ageing (AIBL), and Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Next, a fuzzy-based superpixel-clustering algorithm is introduced to segment the region of interest (RoI) in sMRI images. Then, the informative deep features are extracted in segmented RoI images by integrating the probabilistic local ternary pattern (PLTP), ResNet-50, and Visual Geometry Group (VGG)-16. Furthermore, the dimensionality reduction is accomplished by through the modified gorilla troops optimizer (MGTO). This process not only enhances the classification performance but also diminishes the processing time of the capsule network (CapsNet), which is employed to classify the classes of AD. In the MGTO algorithm, a quasi-reflection-based learning (QRBL) process is introduced for generating silverback’s quasi-refraction position for further improving the optimal position’s quality. The proposed fuzzy based superpixel-clustering algorithm and MGTO-CapsNet model obtained a pixel accuracy of 0.96, 0.94, and 0.98 and a classification accuracy of 99.88%, 96.38%, and 99.94% on the ADNI, real-time, and AIBL datasets, respectively.
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