Diatom-guided bone healing via a hybrid natural scaffold
Mina Mohammadi,
Samin Abbaszadeh,
Vahideh Nosrati-Siahmazgi,
Mahsa Akbari,
Saman Rezaei,
Kiyan Musaie,
Mohammad Reza Eskandari,
Hélder A. Santos,
Narges Poursina,
Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
Affiliations
Mina Mohammadi
Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
Samin Abbaszadeh
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56111 Zanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Vahideh Nosrati-Siahmazgi
Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
Mahsa Akbari
Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
Saman Rezaei
Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
Kiyan Musaie
Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
Mohammad Reza Eskandari
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
Hélder A. Santos
Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Corresponding author. Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
Narges Poursina
Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran; Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Science, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.
Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Corresponding author.
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) involves the design of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that aim to address current challenges of bone defect healing, such as limited donor availability, disease transmission risks, and the necessity for multiple invasive surgeries. Scaffolds can mimic natural bone structure to accelerate the mechanisms involved in the healing process. Herein, a crosslinked combination of biopolymers, including gelatin (GEL), chitosan (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA), loaded with diatom (Di) and β-sitosterol (BS), is used to produce GCH-Di-S scaffold by freeze-drying method. The GCH scaffold possesses a uniform structure, is biodegradable and biocompatible, and exhibits high porosity and interconnected pores, all required for effective bone repair. The incorporation of Di within the scaffold contributes to the adjustment of porosity and degradation, as well as effectively enhancing the mechanical property and biomineralization. In vivo studies have confirmed the safety of the scaffold and its potential to stimulate the creation of new bone tissue. This is achieved by providing an osteoconductive platform for cell attachment, prompting calcification, and augmenting the proliferation of osteoblasts, which further contributes to angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects of BS.
