Revisiting the critical role of metallic ash elements in the development of hard carbon for advancing sodium-ion battery applications
Chun Wu,
Wenjie Huang,
Yinghao Zhang,
Qinghang Chen,
Li Li,
Yajun Zhang,
Xingqiao Wu,
Shu-Lei Chou
Affiliations
Chun Wu
Institute for Carbon Neutralization Technology, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
Wenjie Huang
Institute for Carbon Neutralization Technology, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
Yinghao Zhang
Institute for Carbon Neutralization Technology, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China
Qinghang Chen
Institute for Carbon Neutralization Technology, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
Li Li
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Yajun Zhang
WenzhouNaTech New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Wenzhou National University Science and Technology Park Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China
Xingqiao Wu
Institute for Carbon Neutralization Technology, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Corresponding authors.
Shu-Lei Chou
Institute for Carbon Neutralization Technology, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou 325035, China; WenzhouNaTech New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Wenzhou National University Science and Technology Park Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China; Corresponding authors.
Hard carbon (HC) anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are prized for their high capacity, durability, cost-efficiency, environmental sustainability, and safety. The metallic ash elements in HCs inevitably affect the overall performance of SIBs, however, the unclear role of metallic ash elements during carbonization and the electrochemical sodium storage process presents challenges for advancing HC design concepts. In this review, the traditional role of metallic ash element realized in the past and the deep understanding by a new sight from the view of intrinsic types in precursor matrix are initially introduced. Subsequently, the effect of catalyzing graphitization degree, constructing pore structure, tuning SEI formation and tailoring defects of the HCs regulated by extrinsic factors introduced through experimental conditions in recent years are comprehensively summarized. Additionally, future development prospects and perspectives on the research about metallic ash element in HC are also briefly outlined. It is believed that this review can deliver noteworthy viewpoints by introducing metallic ash elements, for the continued development of adjusting the microstructure of HCs at the nanoscale to actualize high-performance SIBs.
