IMMUNOPROPHYLAXY OF POLYOMYELITIS: FROM THE FIRST INACTIVE TO THE LAST PERORAL VACCINE, OR HOW CLOSE IS THE «END OF THE GAME»?

Abstract

Vaccination is the most important tool for combating infectious diseases. There are a number of major vaccine-preventable diseases included in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations Russian Federation (latest revision is regulated by Decree of the Russian Ministry of Health No. 175n of April 13, 2017). As before, poliomyelitis is one of the 12 nosologies on its list [9]. A. Ya. Kozhevnikov first gave a classic description of this disease as an infectious disease, «which is localized in certain places of the spinal cord», affects mainly children, but also occurs in adults [5]. At this stage, poliomyelitis is described as a highly contagious, acute infectious disease, the clinical manifestations of which are diverse: from asymptomatic infection to severe irreversible paralysis. The colossal dissamination, high mortality and increased incidence of poliomyelitis made poliomyelitis a significant public health problem, which required the creation of a drug that would meet all the safety requirements and would solve the problem of eliminating the disease on a global basis [1]. The creation of live oral vaccine was a particularly important achievement in the control of polio, but countries that had achieved the eradication of infection on their territory had completely switched to the use of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) [14]. Therefore, WHO intends to completely abandon the use of live oral poliomyelitis vaccine by 2019, in order to consolidate the progress made in the control of polio [26].

Keywords

• poliomyelitis
• history of polio vaccine creation
• live poliomyelitis vaccine
• inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine
• global initiative
• poliomyelitis eradication
• polymylex