Mitigative Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles in Maintaining Gut–Liver Homeostasis against Alcohol Injury

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) develops when the immunotolerant environment of the liver is compromised due to excessive alcohol consumption. ALD progression involves variations in the expressions of multiple genes, resulting in liver inflammation and the development of a leaky gut. It is still unclear which molecular mechanism is involved in ALD progression, and due to that, there are currently no FDA-approved drugs available for its treatment. In this study, the protective effects of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were investigated against ethanol-induced damage in the gut–liver axis in in vitro. GO was synthesized using a modified Hummer’s method, and characterization was performed. Given the general concerns regarding nanoparticle toxicity, assessments of cell viability, lipid accumulation, DNA damage, cell death, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were conducted using various techniques. Furthermore, the gene expressions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined using RT-qPCR. The findings reveal that GO promoted cell viability even against ethanol treatment. Additionally, lipid accumulation significantly decreased when cells were treated with GO alongside ethanol compared to ethanol treatment alone, with similar trends observed for other assays. A gene expression analysis indicated that GO treatment reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines while enhancing the expression of antioxidant genes. Moreover, GO treatment led to improvements in gut integrity and a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines in colon cells damaged by ethanol. These findings suggest that GO holds promise as a drug carrier, exhibiting no observed toxic effects. By shedding light on the protective effects of GO against ethanol-induced damage, this study contributes to the burgeoning field of nanoparticle-mediated therapy for ALD.

Keywords

• graphene oxide nanoparticles
• gut–liver axis
• alcoholic liver disease
• inflammation
• lipolysis