A combined encoder–transformer–decoder network for volumetric segmentation of adrenal tumors

Abstract

Abstract Background The morphology of the adrenal tumor and the clinical statistics of the adrenal tumor area are two crucial diagnostic and differential diagnostic features, indicating precise tumor segmentation is essential. Therefore, we build a CT image segmentation method based on an encoder–decoder structure combined with a Transformer for volumetric segmentation of adrenal tumors. Methods This study included a total of 182 patients with adrenal metastases, and an adrenal tumor volumetric segmentation method combining encoder–decoder structure and Transformer was constructed. The Dice Score coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance, Intersection over union (IOU), Average surface distance (ASD) and Mean average error (MAE) were calculated to evaluate the performance of the segmentation method. Results Analyses were made among our proposed method and other CNN-based and transformer-based methods. The results showed excellent segmentation performance, with a mean DSC of 0.858, a mean Hausdorff distance of 10.996, a mean IOU of 0.814, a mean MAE of 0.0005, and a mean ASD of 0.509. The boxplot of all test samples' segmentation performance implies that the proposed method has the lowest skewness and the highest average prediction performance. Conclusions Our proposed method can directly generate 3D lesion maps and showed excellent segmentation performance. The comparison of segmentation metrics and visualization results showed that our proposed method performed very well in the segmentation.

Keywords

• Adrenal tumor volumetric segmentation
• Adrenal metastases
• Transformer
• Computer-aided diagnostic tool