Nanoenzymes: A Radiant Hope for the Early Diagnosis and Effective Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers

Abstract

Samiah Shahid,1,2 Ayesha Khan,1 Wajeehah Shahid,3 Mehvesh Rehan,2 Roha Asif,1 Haseeb Nisar,4 Qudsia Kanwal,5 Jeong Ryeol Choi6 1Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 3Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 4School of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; 5Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; 6School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Kyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Samiah Shahid, Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), Associate Professor, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan, Email [email protected] Jeong Ryeol Choi, School of Electronic Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Kyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea, Email [email protected]: Breast and ovarian cancers, despite having chemotherapy and surgical treatment, still have the lowest survival rate. Experimental stages using nanoenzymes/nanozymes for ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment are being carried out, and correspondingly the current treatment approaches to treat breast cancer have a lot of adverse side effects, which is the reason why researchers and scientists are looking for new strategies with less side effects. Nanoenzymes have intrinsic enzyme-like activities and can reduce the shortcomings of naturally occurring enzymes due to the ease of storage, high stability, less expensive, and enhanced efficiency. In this review, we have discussed various ways in which nanoenzymes are being used to diagnose and treat breast and ovarian cancer. For breast cancer, nanoenzymes and their multi-enzymatic properties can control the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells or tissues, for example, oxidase (OXD) and peroxidase (POD) activity can be used to generate ROS, while catalase (CAT) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity can scavenge ROS. In the case of ovarian cancer, most commonly nanoceria is being investigated, and also when folic acid is combined with nanoceria there are additional advantages like inhibition of beta galactosidase. Nanocarriers are also used to deliver small interfering RNA that are effective in cancer treatment. Studies have shown that iron oxide nanoparticles are actively being used for drug delivery, similarly ferritin carriers are used for the delivery of nanozymes. Hypoxia is a major factor in ovarian cancer, therefore MnO2-based nanozymes are being used as a therapy. For cancer diagnosis and screening, nanozymes are being used in sonodynamic cancer therapy for cancer diagnosis and screening, whereas biomedical imaging and folic acid gold particles are also being used for image guided treatments. Nanozyme biosensors have been developed to detect ovarian cancer. This review article summarizes a detailed insight into breast and ovarian cancers in light of nanozymes-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Keywords: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, nanoenzymes, diagnosis, treatment

Keywords

• breast cancer
• ovarian cancer
• nanoenzymes
• diagnosis
• treatment
• cancer;