Yttrium Oxide (Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) as a Pulse Initiator in a Mode-Locking Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser
N. F. Zulkipli,
A. R. Muhammad,
M. Batumalay,
A. H. A. Rosol,
A. Altuncu,
F. E. Durak,
M. F. Ma’mun,
S. W. Harun
Affiliations
N. F. Zulkipli
Photonics Technologies Application and Research Center, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya 43100, Turkey
A. R. Muhammad
Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
M. Batumalay
Faculty of Data Science & IT, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
A. H. A. Rosol
Department of Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
A. Altuncu
Photonics Technologies Application and Research Center, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya 43100, Turkey
F. E. Durak
Photonics Technologies Application and Research Center, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya 43100, Turkey
M. F. Ma’mun
Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
S. W. Harun
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Mode-locking is an ultra-short pulse laser generation technique. The range of pulse duration may vary from picoseconds to femtoseconds. Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) based saturable absorber (SA) was appropriately revealed in the mode-locked method within the 1.55-micron regime. Y2O3 is perfect for strength, melting point, and chemical stability and can be used as a laminated insulator due to its properties. Moreover, Y2O3 also owns broadband service, switching speed, and engineering features. The Y2O3-PVA film was produced by combining the 50 mg Y2O3 powder into a 50 mL polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and stirring it at room temperature for about 24 h. A mode-locked pulse was recorded with the integrated Y2O3-PVA SA in the erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity, and the output spectrum optical spectrum analyzer displayed was around 1560.66 nm. In addition to the sustained mode-locked pulse, a nearly constant repetition rate of 1.01 MHz at a specific pump power begins from 175.87 mW to 228.04 mW while the pulse duration is 4.15 ps. Lastly, the mode-locked pulse had been evaluated, which showed the peak power started from 4.94 kW to 6.07 kW.
