Examining the factors that impact the formation of barite scale in water injection operations: experimental study and quantification of scale formation

Abstract

Abstract Barium sulfate (BaSO4) scale formation in oilfield operations is a significant problem that leads to severe operational challenges, including reduced production efficiency and increased maintenance costs. Understanding the factors that influence BaSO4 scale formation, such as injection rate and temperature, is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of injection rate and temperature on BaSO4 scale formation using a series of controlled laboratory experiments. The injection rates varied between 1 and 5 mL/min and temperatures between 25 and 75 °C, simulating realistic field conditions. Our findings indicate that higher injection rates and elevated temperatures significantly increase the amount of BaSO4 scale formed. Specifically, the scale formation increased from 15.2 mg/L at 1 mL/min and 25 °C to 22.3 mg/L at 5 mL/min and the same temperature. Similarly, at a constant injection rate of 3 mL/min, the scale formation increased from 18.1 mg/L at 25 °C to 26.5 mg/L at 75 °C. The study employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze the crystal morphology and structure of the formed scales. SEM images revealed a transition from dendritic structures at lower temperatures and slower injection rates to spherical crystals at higher temperatures and faster injection rates. XRD patterns indicated variations in crystallinity and phase purity corresponding to the experimental conditions. Our results align with previous studies that report increased nucleation rates and reduced solubility of BaSO4 at higher temperatures and injection rates. These findings highlight the critical role of controlling operational parameters to mitigate scale formation in oil and gas operations. By optimizing injection rates and temperatures, it is possible to reduce scale deposition, thereby improving production efficiency and reducing maintenance costs. This study provides valuable insights for the development of scale management strategies and underscores the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical factors affecting BaSO4 scale formation.

Keywords

• Brine compatibility
• Turbidity and electrical conductivity
• Barium sulfate scale
• Quantification of scale formation