Evolution of the <i>Ace-1</i> and <i>Gste2</i> Mutations and Their Potential Impact on the Use of Carbamate and Organophosphates in IRS for Controlling <i>Anopheles gambiae s.l.</i>, the Major Malaria Mosquito in Senegal
Moussa Diallo,
Ebrima SM Kolley,
Abdoulaye Kane Dia,
Mary Aigbiremo Oboh,
Fatoumata Seck,
Jarra Manneh,
Abdul Karim Sesay,
Seynabou Macote Diédhiou,
Pape Cheikh Sarr,
Ousmane Sy,
Badara Samb,
Oumar Gaye,
Ousmane Faye,
Lassana Konaté,
Benoit Sessinou Assogba,
El Hadji Amadou Niang
Affiliations
Moussa Diallo
Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
Ebrima SM Kolley
Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
Abdoulaye Kane Dia
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Mary Aigbiremo Oboh
Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
Fatoumata Seck
Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
Jarra Manneh
Genomics Core Platform, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
Abdul Karim Sesay
Genomics Core Platform, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
Seynabou Macote Diédhiou
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Pape Cheikh Sarr
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Ousmane Sy
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Badara Samb
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Oumar Gaye
Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Ousmane Faye
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Lassana Konaté
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Benoit Sessinou Assogba
Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
El Hadji Amadou Niang
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10200, Senegal
Widespread of insecticide resistance amongst the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex continues to threaten vector control in Senegal. In this study, we investigated the presence and evolution of the Ace-1 and Gste2 resistance genes in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector in Senegal. Using historical samples collected from ten sentinel health districts, this study focused on three different years (2013, 2017, and 2018) marking the periods of shift between the main public health insecticides families (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates) used in IRS to track back the evolutionary history of the resistance mutations on the Ace-1 and Gste2 loci. The results revealed the presence of four members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, with the predominance of An. arabiensis followed by An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, and An. gambiae–coluzzii hybrids. The Ace-1 mutation was only detected in An. gambiae and An. gambiae–coluzzii hybrids at low frequencies varying between 0.006 and 0.02, while the Gste2 mutation was found in all the species with a frequency ranging between 0.02 and 0.25. The Ace-1 and Gste2 genes were highly diversified with twenty-two and thirty-one different haplotypes, respectively. The neutrality tests on each gene indicated a negative Tajima’s D, suggesting the abundance of rare alleles. The presence and spread of the Ace-1 and Gste2 resistance mutations represent a serious threat to of the effectiveness and the sustainability of IRS-based interventions using carbamates or organophosphates to manage the widespread pyrethroids resistance in Senegal. These data are of the highest importance to support the NMCP for evidence-based vector control interventions selection and targeting.
